Introduction to History

• History originates from the Greek word.
• In ancient Greek, ἱστορία (is.to’ri.a) means inquiry or learning through research.
• Etymology refers to the study of the origin of words and meaning changes.
• Herodotus is considered the "Father of History."
• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the first known written document in Philippine history.
• The study of history primarily relies on written records.
• Robin George Collingwood suggests history be studied by re-enacting the past in one's mind.
• Edward Hawlett Carr sees history as a continuous interaction between historians and facts.
• Kasaysayan from saysay means meaning or significance in Filipino.
• Zeus A. Salazar defines kasaysayan as a narrative of past events significant to a society.
• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription was found in Lumban, Laguna.
• Louis R. Gottschalk states only a part of what was observed and remembered gets recorded in history.
• Understanding history is important to understand the causes and events that shaped the present.
• To foretell a nation's destiny, Jose Rizal said one must open the book of the past.
• Forgetting the past is not a reason why studying history is important.
• History provides a sense of identity by teaching about origins and heritage.
• Michael Crichton equates a person without history to a leaf not knowing it's part of a tree.
• History develops critical thinking skills by analyzing information and detecting biases.
• Periodization is a historical approach that classifies the past into blocks of time.
• Political history focuses on politics and governance in the past.
• History based on geographical locations studies events in specific places.
• Archaeology contributes to history by studying material remains of past human life and activities.
• Theodore Roosevelt said, "The more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future."
• Historiography involves how historians write and interpret history.
• Chinese historiography is traditionally based on dynastic cycles.
• Marxist historiography primarily concerns class struggles and economic conditions.
• Religion, culture, and political ideologies influence historiography.
• The historical method involves examining and analyzing past records for authenticity and credibility.
• Historians avoid making generalizations based on inconclusive and inadequate sources.
• Primary sources are created by direct participants or witnesses of an event.
• Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.
• Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier defined sources as artifacts from the past.
• Sources enable the writing of reliable historical accounts.
• Source criticism tests the genuineness and credibility of a source.
• External criticism involves checking the physical attributes of a document.
• Internal criticism focuses on the accuracy and credibility of the content when evaluating a historical source.
• External criticism typically questions who produced the source.
• Internal criticism assesses the author's credibility by asking who produced the source.
• The National Library of the Philippines preserves manuscripts of Jose Rizal’s novels.
• The National Archives of the Philippines primarily holds primary sources of Philippine history.
• The National Historical Commission of the Philippines promotes Philippine history and cultural heritage.
• Content analysis is primarily concerned with evaluating the reliability of historical information.
• Internal criticism examines the accuracy of statements made in the document.
• The National Museum of the Philippines focuses on conserving cultural properties.
• The National Historical Commission of the Philippines preserves historical landmarks.
• Evaluating if statements align with historical facts is internal criticism.
• A belief/opinion based on prior knowledge and experience is a point of view.
• Understanding the point of view in history is referred to as having a historical perspective.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny exemplifies differing historical perspectives.
• Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed as a result of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.
• Sgt. Fernando La Madrid led the 1872 Cavite Arsenal uprising.
• The Spanish version states the Cavite Mutiny was attempting to overthrow the Spanish government.
• The Filipino perspective views the Cavite Mutiny as a rebellion for independence.
• Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera wrote the Filipino version of the Cavite Mutiny.
• The execution of GOMBURZA inspired The Philippine Revolution of 1896.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny inspired Jose Rizal to write El Filibusterismo.
• Historical perspective helps in understanding the context and motives of people in the past.
• Broad knowledge helps strengthen arguments and evaluate viewpoints on a historical issue.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved the way to the 1898 Philippine Independence.
• According to Seixas/Morton, a historical perspective involves seeing through the eyes of people who lived in different times.
• The goal of historical perspective is to increase understanding of the present and the future by learning from the past.
• Understanding the Industrial Revolution as a response to economic and social conditions exemplifies using historical perspective.
• Without historical perspective, the Industrial Revolution might be misunderstood as a simple event without cause-and-effect relationships.
• Presentism judges past events by today’s standards.
• Ignoring differences between the past and present is not part of the historical perspective process.
• The first step in analyzing historical perspective is to identify the historical context, including time period and cultural norms.
• Historical context is important to understand what motivated people's of the past.
• Historical context includes social, religious, economic, and political conditions.
• Rizal’s retraction controversy is highlighted as contentious.
• Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. discovered Rizal's retraction original text.
• The original text of Rizal's retraction was discovered in 1935.
• Fr. Balaguer Llacer, S.J. claimed securing Rizal’s retraction.
• Rizal allegedly gave Josephine Bracken De La Imitacion de Cristo.
• The cross is a symbol in Rizal's writings significant to Christianity.
• León María Guerrero III, Nick Joaquin, Gregorio Zaide, and Ambeth Ocampo affirmed the retraction authenticity.
• Austin Coates opposed the retraction's authenticity.
• Rizal's burial, being unconfessed and unrepentant, was questionable.
• Doubts arose due to a lack of witnesses from Rizal's family.
• The Rizal retraction controversy influences perception of Rizal’s character.
• Historical context helps in understanding the event's urgency and impact.
• The environment influencing events, ideas, and perspectives during a specific period is historical context.
• Historical context provides meaning/helps avoid interpretations.
• Personal feelings are not elements of historical construct.
• Government structures, policies, and power dynamics relate to the political context.
• The Galleon Trade showed economic context impact on Philippine society.
• Four versions of the Rizal retraction document raises concerns.
• Filipino customs and traditions impacting nationalist movements exemplifies social and cultural context influence in history.
• Spanish colonial government decrees and laws are relevant to studying Rizal's political context.
• The economic context during the Galleon Trade shows dependency on Spain and Manila's transformation into a trade hub.
• Historical context enables objective interpretations of primary and secondary sources.

Primary and Secondary Sources

• P: Kartilya ng Katipunan written by Emilio Jacinto
• S: A history textbook discussing the Philippine Revolution
• P: Jose Rizal’s original manuscript of Noli Me Tangere
• S: A modern documentary about the Spanish colonization of the Philippines
• P: A newspaper article from 1898 reporting Aguinaldo’s declaration of independence
• S: A YouTube lecture analyzing the impact of Martial Law
• P: A letter written by Apolinario Mabini during the Philippine-American War
• S: A biography of Andres Bonifacio written in 2005
• P: A painting by Juan Luna (e.g., Spoliarium)
• S: An academic journal article interpreting the legacy of the Malolos Congress
• P: Tejeros Convention minutes recorded in 1897
• S: A 2022 editorial reflecting on the EDSA People Power Revolution
• P: A Katipunan flag displayed in a museum
• S: A Filipino historian’s book analyzing the impact of World War II in the Philippines
• P: A personal diary entry of a soldier from World War II
• S: A textbook chapter explaining the causes of the 1896 Philippine Revolution
• P: A map of the Philippines drawn by the Spaniards in the 16th century
• S: A documentary film about the life of Gabriela Silang
• P: A live radio broadcast from 1986 reporting the EDSA Revolution
• S: A scholarly essay interpreting Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo
• P: The official Treaty of Paris (1898) that ended the Spanish-American War
• S: A research paper analyzing pre-colonial Philippine societies
• P: A Philippine government proclamation declaring Martial Law in 1972
• S: A college professor’s lecture on the history of the First Philippine Republic
• P: A traditional Filipino epic written down by Spanish missionaries
• P: A news article from 1941 reporting the Japanese invasion of the Philippines
• S: An annotated bibliography of Philippine historical studies
• P: A recorded speech of President Manuel Quezon during the Commonwealth era
• S: A historian’s analysis of the events leading to the Cry of Pugad Lawin
• P: A Spanish friar’s written account describing early Filipino customs (from the 1600s)
• S: A movie based on the Battle of Mactan
• P: A transcript of Emilio Aguinaldo’s speech upon proclaiming Philippine independence
• S: A research study discussing the economic effects of Spanish rule
• P: An original copy of the 1935 Philippine Constitution
• S: A textbook’s summary of the Spanish encomienda system
• P: A recorded interview of a World War II survivor
• S: A recent blog post analyzing Lapu-Lapu’s resistance against Magellan
• P: A photograph of the Balangiga Bells from the early 1900s
• S: A master's thesis about indigenous resistance against colonization
• P: A scanned version of a 19th-century newspaper published in the Philippines