Introduction to History

Study of past events, particularly in human affairs.
Examines cause and effect relationships, societal changes, and historical narratives.

Political History: Focuses on government, policies, wars, and political movements.
Social History: Analyzes the lives of everyday people, communities, and social structures.
Economic History: Examines economic systems, trade, and financial transactions across time.
Cultural History: Looks at cultural practices, beliefs, and interactions between societies.
Military History: Studies armed conflicts, strategies, outcomes, and impacts on societies.

Chronology: The arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence.
Primary Sources: Original documents or artifacts created during the time under study (e.g., diaries, photographs).
Secondary Sources: Interpretations or analyses based on primary sources (e.g., history books, articles).
Historiography: The study of historical writing and the methods used by historians.

Prehistory: Time before written records; includes the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Ancient History: Development of civilizations (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome).
Medieval History: Also known as the Middle Ages, includes feudalism and the rise of empires.
Early Modern Period: Features Renaissance, Reformation, and the Age of Exploration.
Modern History: Encompasses the 18th century to present; includes industrialization, world wars, and globalization.

Herodotus: Often called the "Father of History" for his work "Histories."
Thucydides: Known for his critical history of the Peloponnesian War.
Edward Gibbon: Famous for "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Fernand Braudel: Contributed to the Annales School, emphasizing long-term social history.

Archival Research: Investigating primary sources in repositories.
Oral History: Collecting personal stories and testimony from individuals.
Quantitative History: Utilizing statistical methods to analyze historical data.

History is the study of past events, primarily focusing on human affairs.
Historians examine cause and effect relationships, societal changes, and historical narratives.

Political History focuses on government, policies, wars, and political movements.
Social History analyzes everyday people's lives, communities, and social structures.
Economic History examines economic systems, trade, and financial transactions throughout history.
Cultural History looks at cultural practices, beliefs, and interactions between societies.
Military History studies armed conflicts, strategies, outcomes, and their impacts on societies.

Chronology is the arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence.
Primary Sources are original documents or artifacts created during the time being studied (e.g., diaries, photographs).
Secondary Sources are interpretations or analyses based on primary sources (e.g., history books, articles).
Historiography is the study of historical writing and the methods used by historians.

Prehistory encompasses the time before written records, including the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Ancient History marks the development of civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Medieval History, also known as the Middle Ages, features feudalism and the rise of empires.
Early Modern Period includes the Renaissance, Reformation, and the Age of Exploration.
Modern History spans from the 18th century to the present, encompassing industrialization, world wars, and globalization.

Herodotus, often called the "Father of History", wrote "Histories".
Thucydides is known for his critical history of the Peloponnesian War.
Edward Gibbon wrote "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".
Fernand Braudel contributed to the Annales School, emphasizing long-term social history.

Archival Research: Investigating primary sources in repositories.
Oral History: Collecting personal stories and testimony from individuals.
Quantitative History: Utilizing statistical methods to analyze historical data.