Introduction to Health Education

Introduction to Health Education

• Health education positively influences health behaviors and perspectives.
• It is aimed at individuals and communities for the development of self-efficacy
• Self-efficacy can lead to adopting healthy lifestyles
• Health education empowers people to enhance their quality of life by equipping them with knowledge and skills to prevent illness and maintain health.

Course Outline

• Historical Development
• Definition and Terminologies
• Role of Health Education in Primary Health Care (PHC) and the Ethiopian Health Policy
• Basic Principles and Approaches
• Targets and Settings of Health Education

Historical Development

• Educating people about health has occurred since the dawn of humans
• Health education has only emerged a profession a little over one hundred years ago
• Official formulation of health education policies occurred at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe and the USA
• In 1957, the first course of health education for specialists was introduced in London.
• Health education was recognized as essential for health attainment at the Alma Ata Declaration in 1978
• Health education was recognized as a component of PHC

Historical Development in Ethiopia

• The exact start date for health education is difficult to pinpoint.
• Health education was linked to the introduction of modern medicine
• Health education aimed to increase awareness/encourage the utilization of modern medicine
• It became one of the key means for preventing diseases/promoting health, following the Alma Ata declaration.
• Health Policy and HSDP identified health education as important to program services
• Health education included as a course in nearly all categories of health professional training curricula
• It became part of health professional practices in the public health care delivery system
• There was a shortage of specifically trained staff
• Training of health education and promotion officers/specialists has been launched by Jimma University since 2003

Definition of Terms

• Green & Kreuter define Health Education as "A combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions that are conducive to health."
• Combination emphasizes matching learning experiences/educational interventions with the determinants of behavior.
• Designed distinguishes health education as a systematically planned activity, incidental.
• Facilitate creates favorable conditions for action (predispose, enable, reinforce).
• Voluntary involves full understanding/acceptance without force or coercion.
• Green & Kreuter define Health Promotion as a combination of educational/ecological support for actions/living conditions conducive to health.
• Combination necessitates matching multiple determinants of health with interventions.
• Educational is regarding health education by Green & Kreuter
• Ecological refers to social, political, economic, organizational, policy, regulatory/environmental circumstances interacting with behavior and influencing health
• IEC means Information, Education, Communication
• Information is useful briefs or detailed ideas/processes
• Education encompasses intended learning activities driving psychosocial/cognitive changes.
• Communication involves sharing experiences/knowledge/ideas with various channels
• Behavior Change Communication (BCC) is intended to change individual and social behavior using targeted/specific measures with communication approaches
• Nutrition Education is related to nutrition through choice, preparation/storage of food
• Family life education is education of young people in topics, such as family planning, child rearing/parenthood
• Patient Education occurs for treatement procedures, medications, home care, and rehabilitation.
• Community Health Education is a process that promotes health and prevents disease.
• Advocacy involves commuication with policy makers/leaders to gain participation with progam goals

Objectives and Principles of Health Education

• Social mobilization is a campaign approach utilizing community groups, organizations & mass media
• Health education motivates people to promote health
• Health education provides people with the tools to acquire the necessary confidence, attitudes, and skills, which helps them make decisions

Principles of Health Education

• Health education programs should be need based
• The particular goal of the program should be specific/relevant
• A multidisciplinary approach helps understand/change behavior requiring a combination of health sciences, social sciences & teaching methodologies
• Two-way communication that has free flow from sender/receiver to get feedback
• Adjust talks/actions suitable for the audience
• The audience should identify problems, planning, implementation, evaluation
• Base Health Education on scientific findings & current knowledge
• A health educator should be accepted to win confidence
• A health educator needs to practice what they teaches and needs to enjoy credibility
• Remember people’s limited knowledge
• A health educator should not merely pass information, analyze/help compare
• People should make beneficial decisions through communication one step at a time
• Health education should use simple terms, avoid scientific jargon and gradually change habits in a graded fashion
• Behavior change requires opporitunities to try new practices

Approaches to Health Education

• The persuasion approach deliberately attempts to influence people.
• The informed Decision-Making Approach gives problem-solving skills, leaving actual choices.

Health Education Targets and Settings

• Health education targets individuals (clients, healthy individuals, patients), groups (students, youth clubs), and communities (villages)
• Health education settings comprise communities, healthcare centers, worksites, schools, prisons, refugee camps

Health and Human Behavior

• Determinants of health are biological, environmental, behavioral, organizational, social, political factors that contribute to health
• Behavior is a conscious or unconscious action with a purpose
• Behavior is defined as what we do and how we act
• Behavior impacts health, e.g., mosquito nets, bottle feeding

Types of Behaviors

• Preventive Health Behaviors are performed by healthy people to maintain health, like good nutrition and breastfeeding.
• Illness behaviors encompass recognition of early symptoms and self-referral
• Sick-role behaviors prescribe treatment regimens.
• Utilization behaviors involve health services, e.g., ANC, FP, Immunization
• Rehabilitation behaviors define actions after serious illness for preventative safety
• Factors affecting behavior are classified as predisposing, enabling, or reinforcing.

Predisposing Factors

• Predisposing factors provide motivation for behavior, such as knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and values.
• Knowledge is information or experience, while beliefs are a conviction that a phenomenon is true or real
• Attitudes are constant feelings or predispositions
• Values encompass ideas and widely held assumptions
• Norms are social values specifying appropriate behavior

Enabling and Reinforcing Factors

• Enabling factors are skills/resources/ available for a behavior change
• Behavioral intention requires enabling factors available for an individual
• Reinforcing factors positively/negatively influence behavioral change through feedback/support
• Reinforcing factors include family, peers, teachers & employer

Health Communication

Definition

• Health communication shares ideas, information, knowledge and experiences about health.
• The goals of health commuication involve awareness, acceptance at individual, group, and community

Components of Health Communication

• Sender: The originator of the message that can be an individual, group or organization (high source credibility)
• Message: Actual appeals communicate word sounds images
• Characteristics of a good message include being epidemiologically correct, affordable/feasible, realistic/cultural
• Channel: A medium for conveying message sender -> receiver dependent what audience
• Receiver: The intended recipient
• Effect and Feedback - Knowledge and changes resulting in behavior/attitude, assessing impact

Types of Communication

• One way communication lacks feedback/doubt-clearing
• One way communication is useful for simple messages only
• Two-way communications brings behavior changes and resolves questions
• Health education/promotion is effective in health improvements and environmental changes.
• Effective communication requires stages: Reaching senses, Gain Attention, Message Understood, Acceptance -> Change, Behaviour Change, Health Status Change

Stages of Effective Communication

• Reaching the audience involves communication seen/heard and directed where people go
• Failures can occur preaching to the converted like immunization posters in EPI Clinics
• Attracting the audience happens because of effort to listen/see
• A failure at this occurs when communication is not attractive to get attention
• Ex: People pass Immunization posters without looking at it
• A message should be understood to avoid misinterpretation
• Use simple language when communicating to an audience
• Promoting Change involves acceptance of understood messages with convincing information
• For instance, misunderstanding the EPI as not a medical intervention
• Produce Change to beliefs/attitudes/behavior; Enabling factors assist
• A grandmother forbidding immunization exemplifies influence/lack of opportunity
• Improvement in Health is the result of selected important behaviors being changed
• A child can get measles even if vaccinated because of a cold chain break in a system

Communication Approaches

• Informing introduces a new idea like the availability of ART through radio messages.
• Educating explains strengths/weaknesses for counseling on ART benefit/limitation.
• Persuading uses convincing arguments like starting ART for AIDS patients.
• Entertaining stimulates feelings through broadcasting dramas for ART awareness

Methods of Communication

• Four methods involve intra-/inter-personal, group, and mass communication
• Intrapersonal communication pertains to feelings/beliefs/thoughts internally
• Interpersonal approaches are a face to face interaction, like VCT counseling
• Group communication involves sender and groups educating at the OPD
• Mass communication send messages to large populations through TV/Radio/Newspapers.

Health Communication Methods and Techniques

• Informing services increases status that are known about HIV
• The strength in limitations or interpersonal is group Mass
• Health methods must provide education
• Mass helps through communication

Heath Communication - Methods and Materials

• Health helps provide people to make proper decisions on life
• Is properly presented in understanding different information
• Requires selections of proper methods

Effective Health Communication

• How much will the reason help

1. inform
2. persaude and provide
3. increase intension for act

Media Mix

• Does the brand have a great mix? and which is the media mix? for how many
• the media mix is only part of a larger communication for a communication program
• Some communication would do well
• Some talk about and and have to include a source that is credabile

Reasons to Have Seasons

• Festivals as well as media
• policy and infrastructure

Methods and teaching in aids

• helps learn from process
• it needs support audio the materials that helps with in heard visuals things that are seen

More on Teaching

• Strongest methods particularly with people's communication
• it need support with communication
• it helps provides pictures
• helps people think

A Proverb

• I will forget if you tell me
• I do it and now know
• 20% in help hear and remember
• 50 % see what you hear
• 90 % does everything to understand see ect

Developing Implementation and Materials

• Development concepts that is made are art and combines stories
• It also needs to be strategic and analytic thinking

Message Considerations

• Work with Health people
• Work with communicator
• Work with the group
• work through important time lines

Help the Steps in development

• This helps a development of guide lines
• involving members to that meets end needs
• Test to make sure needs or reached
• Follow concept to end test

Finally Do What's Right And Retest

• Do changes to not to get any one confused.

Key Communication Steps And Programs

• During materials use them and follow them through and apply
• It helps and guides when developing message materials by following basic principles Seven C’s
• Command Attention
• help Understand
• Help reach out
• it creates help for trust

help Implement

• Implementation putting in a practices
• It helps people to max out flexibility
• Helps watch and take care in how the process going
• If going and monitoring the work

During What's Going On

• Give support to make sure to help and have a good support
• Give learning opportunity to do that work
• Help build institutional or individual skills

Mobilize

• Share the word through members and communities
• Make everyone feel like there motivated
• Monitor their work

Make Sure Program Has Output

• Make sure the program is consistency
• Conduct the study or the question to measure

Adjust Base On Monitoring

• Use the the data and monitor to help the program components

Evaluation Achieves Objectives

• can show results of any program
• The evaluation includes helps guide help a location and supports
• That is what can be shown with the communication

Evaluation Plane

• Make sure the effect in of that communication with the audience
• It help provides people to the help on the project
• Desired results for a great approach
• Check the change in results

Evaluation

• make the results of any of those changes
• Have a connection with the exposure
• There should be results with a great connection
• This help to make sure of different experiments of those steps

Evaluation Steps

• Many of the changes that are happening
• The designs has an impact
• The results must be communicated

It's Is All Important To Remember

• The results have to shown. Whether low or high
• What are their needs from there and forward
• is there an option to help or not
• Good show how good the program or the things that they are not
• It can give positive or negative results

Scaling Up If Replanning

• if plan is ok well its going to have goals
• If the plan fail. Make sure to replanning process

Theories Help Behaviour

• is a good set of concept and explanation
• Models and complex determine can show Models are help with setting any thing up
• It helps build components and models

Theory

• it shows in what it is measuring
• theory comes with it and it's shown in any health settings
• The Models with the great
• Some help organize what need to bring up the impacts
• What need to be followed by the model

The Trans Model And Changes

• It help put different methods of change
• It goes with the time frame
• It show results as time grows on.. Steps of Changes

1. Pre changes
2. The start
3. Action
4. Hold
5. Delete

Steps of help with understanding

1. Do the need those certain need or not
2. is it correct or not
3. What helps is it that help the behaiviors
4. Those all can hard to be met
5. Intened to help for months
6. If there changes the support is good
7. This might the hard for people to do certain jobs
8. Plan to take action to the next that might be available
9. Take act it helps to manage
10. The most that helps and changes there Bheavior
11. Make sure to test
12. Make changes and help changes
13. It's feels like it new

Health Belief Model

• This model all starts at around in 1952
• It's help as best results to under how health works
• The Model
• The model was born at November 19 1916
• and professor has a Bheavior
• He was born at 1945 and a professor
• born at 1425 and all different level of people

Reason to help and support

• The Bheavior come up with a great models that tell health things
• And help to show what the good
• For the help to see what kind
• This show the good of the models
• These motivations are that they has to understand

The Keys To The Model

• This model that help with a great under standing
• and show what has been made wrong
• it that that there is more likely under strand
• with the better understanding make sure to help the people around them
• It depends on the knwoldee of the patient and health
• It depends on their behaviors

Perceived Benefits

• There behaviors helps out or help in the risk
• There in will be help to the people with caners
• The help of the out comes will be better and less
• Health has a great effect
• That barrier have to be worth that cost
• It help take away the help

Variables and Cue

• people that has it understand
• if there is cues for people for help them
• To make sure to make and get help from that
• this will help out that get seen in and out that there to help
• Its has to be the the model
• That all depends

Key Parts

Theory

• That the Bheavior in a system
• They are for a health set and mind to help
• this to to see the need Phase One Help Plan And See
• That face asses what is going on

Help The Best Assessment

• It what is going on and how are the people in feel
• To partner to get there goals

The The Best

• The need to give some one to help get better
• Its help as a health model

The steps

• Help to see how the health is affected
• Behivours
• Help what type of actions you make
• it can lead you to many different problem
• This problem all come from assessment and help for better
• Helping with the with problems that can cause

The The Models

• Helping what models helps These will all have support:

1. Is people
2. Help

5 Policy

this help make changes with policy 6 Phase In Place all is done with all people and with people helping And the program will all most be great Major people will help with planning in the groups

• Help get the plans well for people that has
• Help people with great help and great chances at everything
• people that are going help for many times
• To to get a working plan