Questions and Answers
Which geographic features predominantly influence the location of Harappan sites?
Which Harappan site is NOT mentioned as one of the major excavated sites?
What major climatic changes have been identified in the studies related to the Harappan civilization?
Which two rivers are referred to as tributaries of the River Sarasvati?
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What period corresponds to one of the major climatic changes identified in the studies?
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Who was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey?
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What significant action was taken with bricks from Harappa?
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Which site was first identified by Alexander Mason in 1829?
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How many times did Alexander Cunningham visit Harappa?
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What notable activity did Sir John Marshall undertake regarding Harappan seals?
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Who conducted the first assessment of Harappa?
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Which of the following sites was noted as important in the context of Harappan civilization?
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What significant discovery was made at Harappa in 1937?
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What was noted by Alexander Cunningham about the features at Harappa?
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Which scholar compared finds from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in 1924?
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What did Burnes fail to accomplish despite his findings at Harappa?
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Which civilization was found to have similarities with finds from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa?
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Who discovered the huge site of Mohenjo-daro?
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Which site was excavated by R.D. Banerji starting in 1923?
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What led to the emergence of a general chronology of the Harappan civilization?
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In what year did Luigi Pio Tessitori conduct a small excavation at Kalibangan?
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What types of barley were mentioned as part of the subsistence economy?
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Which materials were used for ornamental purposes in Mehrgarh burials?
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Based on the content, what was likely used to cook certain foods in early societies?
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What best describes the nature of trade networks indicated by the studied artifacts?
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What likely contributed to the pain experienced during the drilling of molars in ancient adults?
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What animal was most importantly domesticated at Mehrgarh?
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Which of the following best describes the agricultural practices in Mehrgarh?
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What type of structure increasingly characterized Mehrgarh over time?
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Which crops were cultivated by the settlers in Mehrgarh?
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What indicates the settlers in Mehrgarh became less mobile?
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What evidence suggests that the people of Mehrgarh engaged in animal husbandry?
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Which of the following wild animals was commonly found in Mehrgarh's archaeological remains?
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What type of tools were discovered at Mehrgarh, indicating early craftsmanship?
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What seasonal fruit was harvested by the people of Mehrgarh?
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What period does Mehrgarh date back to, marking the early food-producing era?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Harappan Civilization
- Charles Mason's visit in 1829 marked the first recorded exploration of Harappa, linking it to the ancient city of Sangla and Alexander the Great.
- Lt.Col. James Todd identified Kalibangan in 1829, while Sir Alexander Burnes described Amri as an archaeological site in 1831, and visited Harappa soon after.
- Alexander Cunningham, the first Director General of Archaeological Survey, documented Harappa three times (1853, 1856, 1875) and conducted initial excavations.
Archaeological Findings
- Harappa's dimensions were noted as 4 km in circumference and 12-18 m high; many features were reportedly removed for ballast in railway construction.
- First known Harappan seals published prior to civilization identification; seals indicated possible connections to Mesopotamia.
- Significant archaeological sites included Sutkagen-dor, Dabarkot, and Periano Ghundai, examined mainly in the late 19th century.
Excavation and Discovery
- Initial assessments of Harappa occurred in 1909 and 1914, leading to systematic excavations starting in 1920-21.
- D.R. Bhandarkar discovered Mohenjo-daro, raising the site's significance which was expanded upon by R.D. Banerji between 1923-24.
- In 1924, Sir John Marshall compared finds from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro and recognized similarities with Sumerian artifacts, sparking further research.
Exploration and Expansion
- Post-independence explorations (1947) revealed more Harappan sites, particularly around dry river beds like Ghaggar and Sarasvati.
- Major sites excavated included Dholavira and Rakhigarhi among others, revealing early, mature, and late phases of Harappan civilization.
Geographical and Climatic Context
- Harappan sites are primarily located along the River Indus and the Ghaggar-Sarasvati-Hakra river systems, with multiple tributaries influencing settlements.
- Studies revealed significant climatic shifts, particularly around 9500 BCE, 3000-2500 BCE, and 1300 BCE impacting the Harappan civilization’s development.
Mehrgarh, Pakistan
- Mehrgarh is dated to 9000 BCE, showcasing early food production and settlement patterns fostering state-level societal foundations.
- The site featured domesticated plants (barley, wheat) and animals (Zebu cattle, sheep, goats), with evidence of advanced animal husbandry.
- Architecture included mud brick houses, complex burial practices, and the use of exotic ornaments indicating trade networks.
Subsistence Economy
- Early subsistence relied on hunting, gathering, and supplemented by agriculture; grain was sown post-monsoon with harvest occurring by early spring.
- Seasonal harvesting of wild fruits like jujube was practiced alongside established agriculture.
- Evidence of diverse domestic and wild animal remains indicated varied diets complemented by hunting strategies.
Cultural Artifacts and Trade
- Excavations revealed significant artifacts including terracotta figurines, burial jewelry made from marine shell, lapis lazuli, and turquoise alongside trade connections with coastal and distant regions.
- Drilled molars found in burials hint at early forms of dentistry, suggesting advanced medical practices within the civilization.
- The presence of clay figurines and containers indicates early familiarity with ceramic technology even before pottery emerged in later phases.
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Description
Explore the early beginnings of the Harappan Civilization in this quiz. Learn about key figures, their discoveries, and the significance of archaeological findings at Harappa and Kalibangan. Test your knowledge on this ancient culture's origins and historical impact.
