Introduction to Globalization

• Caraga State University presents an introduction to globalization in the contemporary world.

Dimensions of Globalization

• Globalization can be viewed as an economic process that increases the linkage of national economies.
• Globalization can be viewed as a political process relating to state sovereignty, intergovernmental organizations, and global governance.
• Globalization can be viewed as a cultural process with growing complex interconnections and interdependencies which characterize modern social life.

Definitions of Globalization Based on Experts

• From an economics viewpoint, globalization means faster trade, global economic organizations, multinational/transnational corporations, trade blocs, free trade, privatization, and less tariffs.
• From a political science viewpoint, globalization challenges the nation-state but strengthens regional blocs.
• Globalization brings about the emergence of global political norms, multilateral/bilateral relations, corporations, international laws, and world governance.
• From a cultural view, globalization means the establishment of a "global village" and a "shrinking world."
• Globalization leads to cultural imperialism and a borderless world, with the adoption of other cultures.

Attributes of Globalization

• Involves various forms of connectivity - economic, political, and cultural.
• Connectivity is enabled by several factors including pressures and media, with uneven degrees of interconnection.
• It includes the expansion and stretching of social relations through regional/international NGOs, sister-cities mechanisms, government associations, MNCs, and TNCs.
• Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities are exemplified by the shift from door-to-door mail to instant messaging platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter.
• Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities are exemplified by live TV broadcasts and affordable air travel.
• The world makes objective associations with global trends, with an increasing sense of responsibility.

Six Core Claims of Globalization

• Globalization pertains to the liberalization and global integration of markets.
• Globalization is viewed as an inevitable and irreversible process.
• Globalization is thought to be not controlled by any single entity.
• Globalization benefits everyone in the long run.
• Globalization furthers the spread of democracy worldwide.
• Globalization requires a global war on terror.

Globalization as Globaloney

• Globaloney refutes globalization.
• Claims about globalization can be inaccurate, imprecise, or exaggerated.
• Everything linked to transnational processes is cited as evidence of globalization.
• There are 3 categories for arguments for Globaloney.
• Categories include: rejectionists, sceptics, and modifiers.

Arguments of Globaloney: Rejectionists

• Rejectionists dispute the usefulness of globalization as a sufficiently precise analytical concept.
• They view globalization as a vacant term, suggesting its use in academic discourse refers to anything.
• Improvement suggestions include providing examples where the term obscures instead of enlightens. and complement the social scientific enterprise exploring globalization as an objective process.

Arguments of Globaloney: Sceptics

• Sceptics emphasize the limited nature of current globalizing processes.
• Sceptics claim the world economy is centered on Europe, eastern Asia, and North America, not globally.
• They find a majority of economic activity around the world remains primarily on financial flows. Skeptics warn against drawing global conclusions from arguments against economic globalization's existence.
• It assumes globalization is primarily an economic phenomenon, with all other dimensions reflecting deeper economic processes.

Arguments of Globaloney: Modifiers

• Modifiers dispute the novelty of globalization, claiming it acknowledges the existence moderate trend.
• Modifiers imply using "globalization" in a historically imprecise manner.
• Modifiers argue the modern capitalist economy has been global since its inception five centuries prior.
• Globalizing tendencies have been proceeding along a continuum of modernization for a long time.

Definitions of Globalization Based on Theorists

• According to Immanuel Wallerstein, globalization means the triumph of a capitalist world economy tied by a global division of labor.
• According to David Harvey, globalization is the compression of time and space.
• Martin Albrow suggests globalization is the processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.
• Anthony Giddens describes globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities.
• Arjun Appadurai states that globalization is a global cultural process and a product of the infinitely varied mutual contest of sameness and difference.
• Peter Dicken defines globalization as a form of internalization implying integration between internationally dispersed economic activities.
• Paul Bairoch and Richard Kozul-Wright see globalization as the interlinking of financial structures through increasing cross-border transactions, which creates an international division of labor.
• Robert Cox considers globalization the internationalizing of production, division of labor, new migratory movements,and a competitive environment, thus accelerates such processes.
• James H Mittleman defines globalization as rubric for varied phenomena.
• According to Charles Oman, globalization is an accelerated growth of economic activity across national and regional political boundaries.