Introduction to Globalization

Module 1: The Study of Globalization

• Globalization involves increasing interactions between people, states, and countries through the flow of money, ideas, and culture.
• It is primarily focused on economic integration, with social and cultural aspects.
• Globalization is the interconnectedness of people and businesses, leading to global integration culturally, politically, and economically.
• It is the ability to move and communicate easily worldwide for international business.
• Globalization is the free movement of goods, services, and people without restrictions.
• It involves countries liberalizing impact protocols to welcome foreign investment.
• Countries attract global capital by opening their economies to multinational corporations.
• Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as integrating the world's people into a single global society.
• Anthony Giddens defines it as intensifying worldwide social relations, linking distant localities.
• Local events are shaped by events occurring far away, and vice-versa.
• Roland Robertson described it as the compression of the world and intensification of global consciousness.
• The historical foundation of globalization can be traced back to before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World, even to the third millennium BC.
• Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, growing rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Charles Taze Russel coined the term "corporate giants” in 1897.
• In 1930, the word "globalize" appeared, denoting a holistic view of human experience in education.
• The term "globalization” was coined in the late 1970s.
• In 2013, the term globalization was used to mean "borderless society" relating to international migration.
• "Globalization" was used economically in the early part of 1981.
• Theodore Levitt popularized "globalization" in the business mainstream.
• The IMF identified four basic aspects of globalization in 2000 which are trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration of knowledge, and dissemination.
• The word "globalization" was often used in teaching and discussions starting in 2017.
• By 2018, globalization was in full effect across academic disciplines.
• Indicators of globalization include the jet engine, internet, and e-banking, among other technological advancements.
• These have contributed to interdependence in economic and cultural activities.
• Environmental challenges, businesses, and work organizations are linked with globalization.
• Globalization is subdivided into economic, cultural, and political areas.
• Globalization is a conglomerate of units located in different parts of the globe linked by common ownership that rely on a common pool of resources.
• Human resources are diverse.
• Transactions involve intellectual properties.
• Global competition and imports help control inflation.
• Open economies spur innovation with fresh ideas from abroad.
• Export jobs often provide better pay than domestic jobs.
• Unfettered capital flow keeps interest rates low.
• Living standards tend to increase more rapidly.
• Productivity grows when countries produce goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage.
• Countries tend to liberalize visa rules.
• Globalization can free up the unproductive sector for investment.
• Disadvantages of globalization include job losses due to companies importing cheap labor or shifting production abroad.
• Workers may face pay cuts.
• Unregulated globalization can cause serious problems for poor and developing countries.
• High foreign stakes in industries could affect domestic economic growth.
• A country or institution's sovereignty can be affected.
• Globalization is a widespread cultural, social, economic, and political phenomenon.
• The concept of globalization has been widely accepted recently.
• The Concept includes words like global, globality, globalization, globalism, the concepts of global market, global ecology, and global citizen, .
• Normatively, some see globalization as progress, prosperity, and peace, while others view it as retrogression, disaster, and decay.
• All definitions view globalization as a process transcending nation-state borders, pertaining to the world as a whole.
• Globalization is a complex, building the world by the creation of global institutional structures and global cultural forms.
• This can lead to economic unification, democratic integration, and moral integration based on humanistic values.
• Globalization is the free movement of goods, services, and people seamlessly.
• Globalization results from the opening of the global economy and increased trade among nations.
• Prominent aspects of American culture include the use of English, American currency, Hollywood, fast food, and fashion.

Module 2: Structures of Globalization

• Economic globalization is a historical process, which is driven by human innovation and technological progress.
• It is defined through increasing integration of economies via trade and capital movement.
• High-frequency trading and digital commerce are key to modern exchange.
• The Silk Road connected China to Constantinople/Istanbul, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
• The Galleon Trade linked Manila and Acapulco using a land-sea route.
• Mercantilism involved European countries restricting trade to protect their economies from the 16th to 18th centuries.
• The Gold Standard was a monetary system that affected international trade and currencies.
• The Fiat Currency System (Post-WWII-Present) lets governments manage economies without gold backing.
• The Washington Consensus and Neoliberalism promoted minimal government intervention, privatization, and free markets.
• Case Study: Russia (1990s) shows rapid privatization created wealth concentration.
• The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was rooted in deregulation, subprime lending, and speculative investments.
• The collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered global financial panic.
• Iceland, Greece, and Spain faced severe economic downturns.
• Greece was forced into austerity, affecting social services.
• The U.S. recovered through Keynesian stimulus implemented by President Obama.
• Despite the 2008 crisis, international trade remains vital for economic growth.
• Nationalist/leftist proposals to close economies are impractical due to global integration.
• The debate continues on balancing free trade and government regulation.
• There was a 25 percent tariff for imports of US from Mexico, Canada, and China Trump policy at some point.

Module 3: A History of Global Politics

• The four key attributes of world politics are independent states, interactions among countries through diplomacy, international organizations, and international organizations with specific tasks.
• A nation is a cultural entity, while a state is a political entity.
• A state has a defined population, specific territory, governing structure, and sovereignty.
• A nation is an "imagined community" limited by language, culture, and territory.
• Nationalism drives state formation.
• The interstate system and origins of sovereignty are traced to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia.
• The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and established non-interference.
• Napoleon Bonaparte challenged this through the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815).
• The Concert of Europe (1815-1914) restored monarchical sovereignty.
• Modern implications are that sovereignty remains a core principle. "Great powers" influence world affairs (e.g., UN Security Council).
• Challenges to the Interstate System are some seek to override sovereignty, and others promote global cooperation with respecting sovereignty.
• Liberal Internationalism, Immanuel Kant advocated for global government.
• Jeremy Bentham coined "international” and international law.
• Giuseppe Mazzini advocated for a system of free nations cooperating.
• Woodrow Wilson championed self-determination and the League of Nations.
• The League of Nations was established in 1919, but it failed to prevent World War I and gave rise to enduring organizations.
• Karl Marx criticized nationalism, and emphasized class struggle/equality.
• The integration of economies occurs through trade and capital movement.
• Capital (FDI) is critical for global economic integration.
• Spices were significant in global commerce.
• Populism is seeking to appeal to ordinary people.
• DEI (Diversity, equality, inclusion) is a framework for social fairness.
• The Holocaust refers to the persecution of Jews during World War II.
• Sovereignty is a state’s authority to govern itself.
• A nation state is a political entity where a single nation has its own independent government.
• Diplomacy is the practice of managing international relations.
• Ambassadors are representatives of a country
• The UN headquarters are in New York.
• The most powerful organ is the UN Security Council, and consists of 10 member countries.
• International organizations also function independently.
• WHO handles global health issues. UNESCO promotes education, science, and culture globally.

Module 4: The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

• States follow norms/agreements, creating a semblance of world order without a global government.
• Global governance emerges from treaties, laws, NGOs, corporations, etc.
• The UN influences global governance.
• IOs include the UN, IME, and World Bank, consist primarily of Member-states.
• IOs wield power through classification, fixing meanings, and diffusing norms.
• The UN was founded after WWII to prevent future conflicts.
• The General Assembly (GA) is the main policymaking body, states require a two-thirds majority for major issues.
• The Security Council (SC) is the most powerful UN body.
• The P5 have veto power.
• The SC’s structure leads to inaction in crises due to veto power.
• NATO intervened in Kosovo without SC approval when the UN was ineffective.
• A failure includes the SC blocking US intervention in Iraq (2001) due to lack of evidence.
• A success are some UN interventions have been effective in maintaining peace.
• The UN plays a critical role in global governance.
• A Transnational Corporation (TNC) manages production, Services, and marketing globally.

Global North and Global South

• The Global North refers to economically developed nations.
• The Global South includes less economically developed regions. The terms address economic/political status.
• The global North exploited The Global South resources and labors through colonialism and imperialism.
• The global North has high-income economies with advanced technology.
• The global South has emerging economies dependent on agriculture.
• The global North have better healthcare with lower disease, education; The Global experiences high disease rates, higher poverty.
• The global North dominates, influencing organizations policies.
• The countries that are in the Global South struggle with governance issues.
• the Global South bears the brunt of climate change, while The Global North has more resources for adaptation and mitigation.
• Both regions are interconnected through trade.
• Rise of Global south regions such as China and brazil.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to reduce inequality.
• Movement like South-South cooperation.

ASIAN REGIONALISM

• Regionalism is a political approach favoring a region over a greater area caused by separations and distinctions.
• Regionalization is dividing an area into smaller segments.
• Globalization unifies the world into a single society.
• The theory or practice of regional is regionalism, while division of a nation into states or provinces is regionalization.
• Countries form these organization as a way to cope with challenges of globalization.
• This is a product of economic interaction between Asian Countries
• ASEAN was born August 8, 1967, and had five member states at the time.
• Asean’s first meeting was held in 1976.
• APEC is regional economic forum established with US support.
• The ASEAN plus three (Japan, South Korea, China) was instituted in 1997.
• GEOGRAPHICAL ASIA IS TOO DIVERSE FOR CULTURAL ASIA, GEOGRAPHICAL ASIA IS TOO SMALL FOR GLOBALIZING ASIA, and ASIA IS TOO CONFLICTUAL INTERNALLY FOR STRATEGIC ASIA represents three propositions of Asian regionalism.
• BRICS is a 5 rising nation that can dominate global trade in coming years.
• Non aligned countries are not aligned with USA’s ideologies.
• AIIB is where china exerts their power with money.
• ASEAN consists of Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, cambodia, Vietnam,Singapore, Laos.
• ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.