31 Questions
What is the definition of genetics?
The study of heredity and inherited characteristics
What do geneticists examine?
Biological information usage in organisms
What do course competencies include?
Description of genetic material structure and processes
What did biochemists isolate in the early 1900s?
Hundreds of different chemicals from living cells
What are some basic genetic concepts that learners should be able to define by the end of the course?
Gene, polymorphism, and haplotype
What is the focus of geneticists in understanding hereditary traits?
Investigating how biological information is passed on to progeny
What did Griffith's Transformation Experiment demonstrate about genetic material?
DNA, rather than proteins, is the genetic material
What was responsible for transforming the R-strain cells into S-type cells in Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment?
Nucleic acids from S-type cells
What did Hershey and Chase's experiment determine about the genetic blueprint for the T2 bacteriophage virus?
Only DNA contained the genetic blueprint
What did Griffith's experiment consist of?
Mixing heat-treated S-type cells with R-type bacteria
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty separate the S-type cells into to identify the transforming molecule?
Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
What did Hershey and Chase grow in the presence of radioactive isotopes to study genetic information transmission?
T2 bacteriophage virus
What happened when cellular extracts of S-type cells were treated with DNase in Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment?
The transformation ability was lost
Which bacterium was used by Hershey and Chase in their study of genetic information transmission?
Escherichia coli
What did Griffith notice when he mixed "heat-treated" S-strain cells with R-type bacteria?
"Heat-treated" S-strain cells recovered
What are the purines in a nucleotide sequence of DNA?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
What is the role of exons in the DNA molecule?
Contain the actual genetic information coding for protein
What does a codon represent in the DNA or RNA molecule?
A sequence of three bases that codes for a single amino acid
What was known about Chargaff's Rules related to DNA before Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA?
Relative amount of each nucleotide present in almost any extract of DNA
What is the composition of nucleotides in DNA?
Base (purine or pyrimidine), deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group
What holds together the two complementary DNA strands in the double helix?
Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs A–T and G–C
What is the essential observation made by Chargaff about the abundance of nucleotides in a DNA molecule?
The abundance of A was equal to the abundance of T, and G was equal to C.
What did Watson and Crick deduce from their metal models of individual nucleotides and Chargaff's Rules?
The DNA bases extend from the backbone towards the center of the helix.
What is the function of a gene in the DNA molecule?
It is responsible for the regulatory sequences that control the expression of a particular trait.
What constitutes a genome in an individual?
It is the complete set of hereditary information possessed by an individual.
What does heterochromatin primarily consist of?
Chromatin that is condensed because it is not being transcribed.
What type of bonds help to hold the two strands of DNA together in a double helix?
Hydrogen bonds
What can A and T form with each other within the structure of DNA?
$H_2$ bonds
What are major and minor grooves in a DNA double helix created by?
Offsetting of the two strands
What are genes primarily composed of?
DNA double helix complexed with proteins
What do regulatory sequences associated with genes control?
The expression of a particular trait
Explore the fundamental principles of genetics, which focuses on the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. Delve into the science of heredity, the storage and utilization of biological information in living organisms, and the transmission of this information from one generation to the next.
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