90 Questions
What is the backbone of DNA composed of?
Pentose sugar and phosphate group
Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?
Chargaff
What does a gene code for?
A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait
What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?
Chromatin
What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?
Cloning
During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?
S (Synthesis) Phase
What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?
Interphase
Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?
Expensive production of cloned plants and animals
In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
What is cancer defined as?
A process where cells divide uncontrollably
DNA ______ BASE PAIRING: pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand You only need to know the nucleotide sequence for one strand
COMPLEMENTARY
DNA has a helix shape (Franklin, 1951)
3
The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)
2
______: a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome
GENE
A chromosome is the condensed form of genetic material. It’s DNA wrapped tightly around small proteins Chromatin is the non-condensed or relaxed form of genetic material.
CHROMOSOME
GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring
HEREDITY
______ INFORMATION is contained in a molecule of DNA The modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)
GENETIC
A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome
GENE
The backbone of DNA is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: ◦ Thymine-Adenine ◦ Cytosine-Guanine
BACKBONE
The location of a gene on a chromosome
LOCUS
Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes
CHROMOSOME
______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)
DNA
During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?
S (Synthesis) Phase
Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?
Erwin Chargaff
What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?
Interphase
Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?
Cloning
Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?
Cloned plants and animals may be expensive
What does a gene code for?
A protein or RNA molecule
What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?
Chromatin
What is cancer defined as?
Occurs when cells divide uncontrollably
In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organisms
What is the backbone of DNA composed of?
Sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA has a ______ shape
helix
The location of a gene on a chromosome
locus
The backbone of DNA is composed of ______ group and pentose sugar
phosphate
What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?
chromatin
A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome
gene
GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring
heredity
What does a gene code for?
a particular trait
Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes
chromosome
What is cancer defined as?
uncontrolled cell growth
What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?
cloning
Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)
DNA
Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two identical nuclei. It is used for: Growth, Reproduction, Repair
mitosis
______ is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells. The same number and type of chromosomes in each cell
cytokinesis
The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)
DNA
______ is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as
chromatin
The backbone of ______ is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: Thymine-Adenine, Cytosine-Guanine
DNA
______ is the backbone of DNA composed of
phosphate group and pentose sugar
______ is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis
interphase
______ is the modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)
DNA
______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)
DNA
The replication of chromosomes results in a pair of ______
sister chromatids
______ is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue
cloning
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
heredity
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells ◻ Usually from two different parents ◻ The genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent
gametes
SOMATIC CELLS: cells that perform mitosis EXAMPLE: ◻ GAMETE CELLS: cells that perform meiosis EXAMPLE: ◻ ◻ skin cells sex cells
muscle
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ◻ ◻ Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in structure and carry similar genetic information You get one chromosome from your mother and one chromosome from your father
homologous
DIPLOID NUMBER The number of chromosomes in somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human somatic cell
46
HAPLOID NUMBER ◻ ◻ ◻ The number of chromosome in gamete cells The number of chromosomes in gamete cells is half the number of somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human gamete cell
23
MEIOSIS ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ A form of cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell There are two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II Results in the formation of four gamete cells It takes place only in ______ tissue of sexually reproducing organisms
reproductive
MITOSIS VS.
meiosis
MEIOSIS ______
Variety is the Spice of Life.
FERTILIZATION: when two gamete cells combine to form a single ______ cell ZYGOTE: the first cell of a new individual
zygote
MEIOSIS STAGES OF MEIOSIS MEISOSIS I ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Interphase
MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Meiosis
TELOPHASE I ◻ ◻ The cells begin to divide Each daughter cell has only one member of each original pair
Cytokinesis
MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Begins immediately after Telophase I There is NO duplication of DNA between Meiosis I and Meiosis II The chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids, however, the sister chromatids are no longer identical Meiosis II continues on like Mitosis
Prophase II
SPERMATOGENESIS ◻ ◻ ◻ The production of sperm cells There is even division of the cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis The final product is four SPERM cells
Spermatids
NON-DISJUNCTION ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly It can happen during Meiosis I or Meiosis II It results in a cell that can contain too many or too few chromosomes If that cell is involved in fertilization, the zygote will have an abnormal number of chromosomes
Anaphase II
TRISOMY ◻ A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes
Trisomy
DOWN SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21 These individuals experience physical and mental challenges
Down Syndrome
TURNER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has only one X chromosome These individuals are female in appearance but do not mature sexually and are sterile
Turner Syndrome
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome These individuals are male in appearance with feminine body characteristics and are usually sterile
Klinefelter Syndrome
During PROPHASE I there is an event that occurs to ensure that you have genetic variability: RECOMBINATION: the exchanging of genetic information called CROSSING OVER
Recombination
METAPHASE I – Further Genetic Variation ◻ ◻ The tetrads migrate towards the centre of the cell and align across the middle of the cell randomly RANDOM ASSORTMENT: chromosomes that come from the father will not stay together nor will chromosomes that come from the mother (aka Independent Assortment)
Metaphase I
Match the following stages of meiosis with their descriptions:
Prophase I = Chromosomes come together in homologous pairs Metaphase I = The tetrads migrate towards the centre of the cell and align across the middle of the cell randomly Anaphase I = The homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell Telophase I = The cells begin to divide and each daughter cell has only one member of each original pair
Match the following syndromes with their descriptions:
Turner Syndrome = An individual that has only one X chromosome, appears female but does not mature sexually and is sterile Klinefelter Syndrome = An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, appears male with feminine body characteristics and is usually sterile Gonadogenesis = The production of sperm cells, with even division of cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis, resulting in four sperm cells Oogenesis = The production of egg cells, with unequal division of cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis, resulting in a single ovum
Match the following genetic abnormalities with their descriptions:
Non-disjunction = The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly, resulting in a cell that can contain too many or too few chromosomes Trisomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes Monosomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome Down Syndrome = An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21 and experiences physical and mental challenges
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Somatic Cells = Cells that perform mitosis Gamete Cells = Cells that perform meiosis Fertilization = When two gamete cells combine to form a single zygote cell Zygote = The first cell of a new individual
Match the following with their descriptions:
Meiosis = A form of cell division resulting in four gamete cells Diploid Number = The number of chromosomes in somatic cells Haploid Number = The number of chromosomes in gamete cells Fertilization = When two gamete cells combine to form a single zygote cell
Match the following with their characteristics:
Homologous Chromosomes = Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in structure and carry similar genetic information Meiosis II = Begins immediately after Telophase I DNA = Has a helix shape Mitosis = Used for growth, reproduction, repair
Match the following with their functions:
Genetics = The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics Non-Disjunction = The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly Recombination = The exchanging of genetic information called crossing over DNA Replication = Occurs during S phase of the cell cycle
Match the following with their associations:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I = Stages of Meiosis I Thymine-Adenine, Cytosine-Guanine = DNA base pairing Klinefelter Syndrome = An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome Down Syndrome = An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21
Match the following with their characteristics:
Meiosis I, Meiosis II = Two stages of meiosis Random Assortment = Chromosomes align across the middle of the cell randomly Trisomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes GMO = Stands for Genetically Modified Organism
Test your knowledge on the basics of genetics including heredity, DNA structure, and key discoveries in the field.
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