Introduction to Genetics: Heredity and DNA
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Questions and Answers

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

  • Helix shape and genetic material
  • Nitrogenous bases only
  • Pentose sugar and phosphate group (correct)
  • Chromosomes and chromatin

    • Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?

  • Levene
  • Franklin
  • Chargaff (correct)
  • Mendel

    • What does a gene code for?

  • Helix shape and genetic material
  • A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait (correct)
  • Chromosomes and chromatin
  • Specific location on a chromosome

    • What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?

    <p>S (Synthesis) Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?

    <p>Expensive production of cloned plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cancer defined as?

    <p>A process where cells divide uncontrollably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA ______ BASE PAIRING: pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand You only need to know the nucleotide sequence for one strand

    <p>COMPLEMENTARY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA has a helix shape (Franklin, 1951)

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______: a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

    <p>GENE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chromosome is the condensed form of genetic material. It’s DNA wrapped tightly around small proteins Chromatin is the non-condensed or relaxed form of genetic material.

    <p>CHROMOSOME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring

    <p>HEREDITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ INFORMATION is contained in a molecule of DNA The modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

    <p>GENETIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

    <p>GENE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone of DNA is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: ◦ Thymine-Adenine ◦ Cytosine-Guanine

    <p>BACKBONE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The location of a gene on a chromosome

    <p>LOCUS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes

    <p>CHROMOSOME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?

    <p>S (Synthesis) Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?

    <p>Erwin Chargaff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?

    <p>Cloned plants and animals may be expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a gene code for?

    <p>A protein or RNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cancer defined as?

    <p>Occurs when cells divide uncontrollably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

    <p>Sugar-phosphate backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA has a ______ shape

    <p>helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The location of a gene on a chromosome

    <p>locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone of DNA is composed of ______ group and pentose sugar

    <p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

    <p>chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

    <p>gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring

    <p>heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a gene code for?

    <p>a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes

    <p>chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cancer defined as?

    <p>uncontrolled cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

    <p>cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

    <p>prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two identical nuclei. It is used for: Growth, Reproduction, Repair

    <p>mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells. The same number and type of chromosomes in each cell

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as

    <p>chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The backbone of ______ is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: Thymine-Adenine, Cytosine-Guanine

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the backbone of DNA composed of

    <p>phosphate group and pentose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis

    <p>interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The replication of chromosomes results in a pair of ______

    <p>sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue

    <p>cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The passing of traits from parents to offspring

    <p>heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells ◻ Usually from two different parents ◻ The genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

    <p>gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SOMATIC CELLS: cells that perform mitosis EXAMPLE: ◻ GAMETE CELLS: cells that perform meiosis EXAMPLE: ◻ ◻ skin cells sex cells

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ◻ ◻ Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in structure and carry similar genetic information You get one chromosome from your mother and one chromosome from your father

    <p>homologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DIPLOID NUMBER The number of chromosomes in somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human somatic cell

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HAPLOID NUMBER ◻ ◻ ◻ The number of chromosome in gamete cells The number of chromosomes in gamete cells is half the number of somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human gamete cell

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEIOSIS ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ A form of cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell There are two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II Results in the formation of four gamete cells It takes place only in ______ tissue of sexually reproducing organisms

    <p>reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MITOSIS VS.

    <p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEIOSIS ______

    <p>Variety is the Spice of Life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FERTILIZATION: when two gamete cells combine to form a single ______ cell ZYGOTE: the first cell of a new individual

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEIOSIS STAGES OF MEIOSIS MEISOSIS I ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TELOPHASE I ◻ ◻ The cells begin to divide Each daughter cell has only one member of each original pair

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Begins immediately after Telophase I There is NO duplication of DNA between Meiosis I and Meiosis II The chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids, however, the sister chromatids are no longer identical Meiosis II continues on like Mitosis

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SPERMATOGENESIS ◻ ◻ ◻ The production of sperm cells There is even division of the cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis The final product is four SPERM cells

    <p>Spermatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NON-DISJUNCTION ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly It can happen during Meiosis I or Meiosis II It results in a cell that can contain too many or too few chromosomes If that cell is involved in fertilization, the zygote will have an abnormal number of chromosomes

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TRISOMY ◻ A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes

    <p>Trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DOWN SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21 These individuals experience physical and mental challenges

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TURNER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has only one X chromosome These individuals are female in appearance but do not mature sexually and are sterile

    <p>Turner Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    KLINEFELTER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome These individuals are male in appearance with feminine body characteristics and are usually sterile

    <p>Klinefelter Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During PROPHASE I there is an event that occurs to ensure that you have genetic variability: RECOMBINATION: the exchanging of genetic information called CROSSING OVER

    <p>Recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    METAPHASE I – Further Genetic Variation ◻ ◻ The tetrads migrate towards the centre of the cell and align across the middle of the cell randomly RANDOM ASSORTMENT: chromosomes that come from the father will not stay together nor will chromosomes that come from the mother (aka Independent Assortment)

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of meiosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase I = Chromosomes come together in homologous pairs Metaphase I = The tetrads migrate towards the centre of the cell and align across the middle of the cell randomly Anaphase I = The homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell Telophase I = The cells begin to divide and each daughter cell has only one member of each original pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following syndromes with their descriptions:

    <p>Turner Syndrome = An individual that has only one X chromosome, appears female but does not mature sexually and is sterile Klinefelter Syndrome = An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, appears male with feminine body characteristics and is usually sterile Gonadogenesis = The production of sperm cells, with even division of cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis, resulting in four sperm cells Oogenesis = The production of egg cells, with unequal division of cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis, resulting in a single ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic abnormalities with their descriptions:

    <p>Non-disjunction = The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly, resulting in a cell that can contain too many or too few chromosomes Trisomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes Monosomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome Down Syndrome = An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21 and experiences physical and mental challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Somatic Cells = Cells that perform mitosis Gamete Cells = Cells that perform meiosis Fertilization = When two gamete cells combine to form a single zygote cell Zygote = The first cell of a new individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their descriptions:

    <p>Meiosis = A form of cell division resulting in four gamete cells Diploid Number = The number of chromosomes in somatic cells Haploid Number = The number of chromosomes in gamete cells Fertilization = When two gamete cells combine to form a single zygote cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their characteristics:

    <p>Homologous Chromosomes = Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in structure and carry similar genetic information Meiosis II = Begins immediately after Telophase I DNA = Has a helix shape Mitosis = Used for growth, reproduction, repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions:

    <p>Genetics = The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics Non-Disjunction = The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly Recombination = The exchanging of genetic information called crossing over DNA Replication = Occurs during S phase of the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their associations:

    <p>Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I = Stages of Meiosis I Thymine-Adenine, Cytosine-Guanine = DNA base pairing Klinefelter Syndrome = An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome Down Syndrome = An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their characteristics:

    <p>Meiosis I, Meiosis II = Two stages of meiosis Random Assortment = Chromosomes align across the middle of the cell randomly Trisomy = A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes GMO = Stands for Genetically Modified Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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