Introduction to Genetics: Heredity and DNA

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?

What does a gene code for?

What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?

What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?

Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?

Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?

In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?

What is cancer defined as?

DNA ______ BASE PAIRING: pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand You only need to know the nucleotide sequence for one strand

DNA has a helix shape (Franklin, 1951)

The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

______: a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

A chromosome is the condensed form of genetic material. It’s DNA wrapped tightly around small proteins Chromatin is the non-condensed or relaxed form of genetic material.

GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring

______ INFORMATION is contained in a molecule of DNA The modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

The backbone of DNA is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: ◦ Thymine-Adenine ◦ Cytosine-Guanine

The location of a gene on a chromosome

Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes

______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

During which stage of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?

Which scientist is credited with the discovery that the proportion of nitrogenous bases in DNA are equal?

What is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells?

What is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis called?

Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

Which of the following is a potential downside of cloning?

What does a gene code for?

What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

What is cancer defined as?

In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), what does GMO stand for?

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

DNA has a ______ shape

The location of a gene on a chromosome

The backbone of DNA is composed of ______ group and pentose sugar

What is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as?

A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait Found at a specific location on a chromosome

GENETICS The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics ______: the passing of traits from parents to offspring

What does a gene code for?

Carries information for hundreds or thousands of different genes

What is cancer defined as?

What is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue?

Which of the following represents the four phases of mitosis in correct order?

The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two identical nuclei. It is used for: Growth, Reproduction, Repair

______ is the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm into two new identical daughter cells. The same number and type of chromosomes in each cell

The proportion of nitrogenous bases are equal. (Chargaff, 1940)

______ is the non-condensed form of genetic material known as

The backbone of ______ is composed of phosphate group and pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases pair up: Thymine-Adenine, Cytosine-Guanine

______ is the backbone of DNA composed of

______ is the period between cell divisions, where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and the cell prepares for mitosis

______ is the modern DNA model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

______ Genetic information is contained in a molecule of ______ The modern ______ model has 3 parts: Composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (Levene, 1920)

The replication of chromosomes results in a pair of ______

______ is the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells ◻ Usually from two different parents ◻ The genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

SOMATIC CELLS: cells that perform mitosis EXAMPLE: ◻ GAMETE CELLS: cells that perform meiosis EXAMPLE: ◻ ◻ skin cells sex cells

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ◻ ◻ Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in structure and carry similar genetic information You get one chromosome from your mother and one chromosome from your father

DIPLOID NUMBER The number of chromosomes in somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human somatic cell

HAPLOID NUMBER ◻ ◻ ◻ The number of chromosome in gamete cells The number of chromosomes in gamete cells is half the number of somatic cells There are ______ chromosomes in a typical human gamete cell

MEIOSIS ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ A form of cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell There are two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II Results in the formation of four gamete cells It takes place only in ______ tissue of sexually reproducing organisms

MITOSIS VS.

MEIOSIS ______

FERTILIZATION: when two gamete cells combine to form a single ______ cell ZYGOTE: the first cell of a new individual

MEIOSIS STAGES OF MEIOSIS MEISOSIS I ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

TELOPHASE I ◻ ◻ The cells begin to divide Each daughter cell has only one member of each original pair

MEIOSIS II ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ Begins immediately after Telophase I There is NO duplication of DNA between Meiosis I and Meiosis II The chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids, however, the sister chromatids are no longer identical Meiosis II continues on like Mitosis

SPERMATOGENESIS ◻ ◻ ◻ The production of sperm cells There is even division of the cytoplasm at each stage of meiosis The final product is four SPERM cells

NON-DISJUNCTION ◻ ◻ ◻ ◻ The separation of chromosomes occurs incorrectly It can happen during Meiosis I or Meiosis II It results in a cell that can contain too many or too few chromosomes If that cell is involved in fertilization, the zygote will have an abnormal number of chromosomes

TRISOMY ◻ A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes

DOWN SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has three copies of chromosome number 21 These individuals experience physical and mental challenges

TURNER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual that has only one X chromosome These individuals are female in appearance but do not mature sexually and are sterile

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME ◻ ◻ An individual with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome These individuals are male in appearance with feminine body characteristics and are usually sterile

During PROPHASE I there is an event that occurs to ensure that you have genetic variability: RECOMBINATION: the exchanging of genetic information called CROSSING OVER

METAPHASE I – Further Genetic Variation ◻ ◻ The tetrads migrate towards the centre of the cell and align across the middle of the cell randomly RANDOM ASSORTMENT: chromosomes that come from the father will not stay together nor will chromosomes that come from the mother (aka Independent Assortment)

Match the following stages of meiosis with their descriptions:

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Match the following genetic abnormalities with their descriptions:

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