Introduction to Genetics and Mendel's Laws
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Gregor Mendel's primary area of study?

  • The inheritance of traits through controlled experiments with pea plants. (correct)
  • The classification of various plant species based on their physical features.
  • The chemical reactions occurring during photosynthesis in various plant lineages.
  • The study of cellular processes by analyzing plant stem structures.

    • What is the term for a specific variation of a gene?

  • Allele (correct)
  • Trait
  • Locus
  • Phenotype

    • Approximately how many years did Gregor Mendel spend conducting his genetic experiments with pea plants?

  • 3 years
  • 12 years
  • 8 years (correct)
  • 5 years

    • Which of the following best defines a 'trait' in the context of genetics?

    <p>Any physical characteristic passed from parent to offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many individual pea plants did Mendel grow and monitor during the course of his experiments?

    <p>Approximately 10,000 plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a black hair allele (B) is dominant and a brown hair allele (b) is recessive, what is the phenotype of an individual with the genotype Bb?

    <p>Black hair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the laws of inheritance developed by Mendel?

    <p>Law of Natural Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the pea plant (Pisum sativum) a good choice for Mendel's genetic research?

    <p>It can be grown easily in a small space, it produces pure lines, and can self or cross- pollinate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for an allele to be 'recessive'?

    <p>It is masked by a dominant allele. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a flowering plant produces pollen?

    <p>Stamen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'homozygous' allele combination?

    <p>A pair of alleles that produce the same characteristic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype is considered 'heterozygous'?

    <p>Bb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Mendel use to describe the hereditary 'particles' that determine physical traits?

    <p>Particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic cross involves the study of a single trait?

    <p>Monohybrid cross (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring can be defined as which field?

    <p>Genetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cross examines the inheritance of two different traits simultaneously?

    <p>Dihybrid cross (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of a genotype?

    <p>The genetic make-up of an individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype corresponds to a yellow flower phenotype?

    <p>rr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Punnett square primarily help biologists to predict?

    <p>The probability of offspring having a particular genotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phenotypes can be produced from the genotype combination 'Bb'?

    <p>Black hair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of flower genetics, what does the allele 'R' signify?

    <p>A red flower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Genotype

    The genetic make-up of an organism, influencing its traits.

    Phenotype

    The physical feature expressed by a genotype.

    Alleles

    Different forms of a gene that determine traits (e.g., B & b for hair color).

    Punnett Square

    A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a breeding experiment.

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    Possible Genotype Combinations

    Different combinations of alleles that can occur (e.g., RR, Rr, rr).

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    Heredity

    The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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    Genetics

    The study of heredity and genes.

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    DNA

    Molecules that hold all genetic information for an organism.

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    Gene

    A section of DNA that tells a cell to perform a specific task.

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    Dominant Allele

    An allele that expresses its trait in the organism.

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    Recessive Allele

    An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

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    Homozygous Alleles

    A pair of identical alleles producing the same characteristic.

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    Gregor Mendel

    An Austrian botanist known as the Father of Genetics for his work with pea plants.

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    Pea plants

    Plants used by Mendel for his genetic experiments, known scientifically as Pisum sativum.

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    Law of Segregation

    Mendel's first law stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.

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    Law of Independent Assortment

    Mendel's second law stating that alleles of different genes independently separate from one another during gamete formation.

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    Law of Dominance

    Mendel's third law stating that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.

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    Self-pollination

    A process where a flower fertilizes itself with its own pollen.

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    Cross-pollination

    A process where pollen from one flower fertilizes another flower's ovary.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Genetics

    • Genetics is the study of heredity
    • Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring
    • Genetics studies how traits are passed
    • The field of genetics is built around DNA molecules
    • DNA molecules hold the genetic information for an organism
    • A gene is a specific section of a DNA molecule that instructs cells to perform certain tasks
    • A diagram shows human, cells, nucleus, chromosomes, and DNA.

    Gregor Mendel

    • Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate.
    • Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants.
    • His genetic experiments with pea plants took eight years (1856-1863).
    • He published his results in 1865.
    • During this time, Mendel grew over 10,000 pea plants, meticulously tracking offspring traits.
    • Mendel's experimental garden was located in the Czech Republic.
    • Mendel is considered the Father of Genetics.
    • He developed the laws of inheritance:
      • Law of Segregation
      • Law of Independent Assortment
      • Law of Dominance.

    Pea Plant Experiments

    • Peas (Pisum sativum) are suitable for genetic studies because:
      • They can be grown in a small area
      • They produce pure plants when self-pollinated across generations
      • They have many offspring
      • They can be artificially cross-pollinated

    Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    • Pollen contains sperm, produced by the stamen.
    • The ovary contains eggs, inside the flower
    • Pollen carries sperm to the ovules for fertilization.
    • Self-fertilisation occurs in the same flower.
    • Cross-fertilisation occurs between flowers.

    Pea Plant Traits

    • Table of traits studied by Mendel:
      • Seed shape (smooth/wrinkled)
      • Seed color (yellow/green)
      • Pod shape (inflated/wrinkled)
      • Pod color (green/yellow)
      • Flower color (purple/white)
      • Flower position (on stem/at tip)
      • Stem length (tall/dwarf).

    DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes

    • Mendel's work predated the discovery of DNA and chromosomes
    • He stated that physical traits were inherited as "particles"

    Genetic Terminology

    • Allele: a specific variation of a gene (e.g., blue eyes, green eyes, blood type A, brown skin). Organisms have two alleles for each gene
    • Trait: a physical characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring (e.g., eye color, hair color, height).
    • Dominant Allele: a trait that is expressed / show off in an organism. Represented by a capital letter. (example, black hair)
    • Recessive Allele: a trait that is masked/ hidden by a dominant trait represented by a lowercase letter. (example, brown hair)
    • Homozygous Alleles (PURE): a pair of alleles that produce a characteristic that is the same (e.g. BB or bb).
    • Homozygous Dominant (BB): A genotype where both alleles are dominant
    • Homozygous Recessive (bb): A genotype where both alleles are recessive
    • Heterozygous (Bb): A genotype where one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.
    • Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism (e.g., Bb, BB, bb). This contributes to the organism's phenotype.
    • Phenotype: the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g., Bb = black hair, BB = black hair, bb = brown hair)

    Punnett Square

    • A square diagram to predict genotypes of breeding experiments or crosses.

    • Used by biologists to determine offspring genotype probability.

    • (Example) Genotype & Phenotype in flowers.

      • R= Red flower
      • r = Yellow flower
      • RR= Red
      • Rr = Red
      • rr = Yellow

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    Related Documents

    Lesson 6: Introduction to Genetics PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of genetics and the groundbreaking work of Gregor Mendel. This quiz covers key concepts such as heredity, DNA structure, and the laws of inheritance as established by Mendel through his experiments with pea plants. Test your understanding of these essential biological ideas and their historical significance.

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