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Questions and Answers
What type of reproduction in fungi is primarily responsible for pathogen dissemination?
What type of reproduction in fungi is primarily responsible for pathogen dissemination?
- Budding
- Asexual reproduction (correct)
- Binary fission
- Sexual reproduction
Which process involves the separation of hyphae into small segments that form new individuals?
Which process involves the separation of hyphae into small segments that form new individuals?
- Fission
- Sporulation
- Fragmentation (correct)
- Budding
What form of asexual spores are produced inside a sac called a sporangium?
What form of asexual spores are produced inside a sac called a sporangium?
- Spores from budding
- Zoospores
- Conidia
- Sporangiospores (correct)
Which of the following asexual spores can swim using flagella?
Which of the following asexual spores can swim using flagella?
What is the name of the small growths produced from a vegetative cell, which contain a nucleus?
What is the name of the small growths produced from a vegetative cell, which contain a nucleus?
Which class of fungi exclusively produces asexual spores?
Which class of fungi exclusively produces asexual spores?
What is a key component of an integrated approach to fungal disease management?
What is a key component of an integrated approach to fungal disease management?
Which of the following is NOT a component of cultural and biological control?
Which of the following is NOT a component of cultural and biological control?
What practice is involved in seed treatment to manage fungal diseases?
What practice is involved in seed treatment to manage fungal diseases?
Which method can help control insect vectors associated with fungal diseases?
Which method can help control insect vectors associated with fungal diseases?
What type of organism do fungi belong to?
What type of organism do fungi belong to?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell walls of fungi?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell walls of fungi?
Which term describes the individual branches of a fungus's filamentous body?
Which term describes the individual branches of a fungus's filamentous body?
What is the function of rhizomorphs in fungi?
What is the function of rhizomorphs in fungi?
How do fungi primarily reproduce?
How do fungi primarily reproduce?
What role does a haustorium serve in parasitic fungi?
What role does a haustorium serve in parasitic fungi?
Which modification of hyphal structure helps fungi survive unfavorable environmental conditions?
Which modification of hyphal structure helps fungi survive unfavorable environmental conditions?
Which type of hyphae is characterized by the presence of cross walls?
Which type of hyphae is characterized by the presence of cross walls?
What type of spores are produced during asexual reproduction in fungi?
What type of spores are produced during asexual reproduction in fungi?
What is the term for the union of two cytoplasms in the sexual reproduction of fungi?
What is the term for the union of two cytoplasms in the sexual reproduction of fungi?
Which of the following structures is associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
Which of the following structures is associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
During which phase of sexual reproduction do the two nuclei fuse?
During which phase of sexual reproduction do the two nuclei fuse?
What distinguishes oospores from other types of spores in fungi?
What distinguishes oospores from other types of spores in fungi?
How many types of spores are produced during sexual reproduction in fungi?
How many types of spores are produced during sexual reproduction in fungi?
Which type of spores are produced by the fusion of two gametes of unequal size?
Which type of spores are produced by the fusion of two gametes of unequal size?
What characterizes conidiophores in fungi?
What characterizes conidiophores in fungi?
What type of spore is produced within a sac-like structure called the ascus?
What type of spore is produced within a sac-like structure called the ascus?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Basidiomycetes?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Basidiomycetes?
In which structure are ascospores found?
In which structure are ascospores found?
What type of spore results from meiosis followed by mitosis?
What type of spore results from meiosis followed by mitosis?
What distinguishes active dissemination of fungi from passive dissemination?
What distinguishes active dissemination of fungi from passive dissemination?
Which of the following spores are thick-walled and characteristics of Zygomycetes?
Which of the following spores are thick-walled and characteristics of Zygomycetes?
What is a characteristic of passive dissemination in fungi?
What is a characteristic of passive dissemination in fungi?
How many ascospores are typically found within each ascus?
How many ascospores are typically found within each ascus?
Flashcards
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
A kingdom of living organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. They are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and often filamentous.
Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
A type of reproduction in fungi that creates new individuals from a parent organism without the involvement of sexual processes. This process is the primary method for fungal pathogen spreading.
What are the major components of fungal cell walls?
What are the major components of fungal cell walls?
A fungal cell wall is made up of these two components.
Fragmentation in Fungi
Fragmentation in Fungi
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Saprophytic fungi
Saprophytic fungi
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Symbiotic fungi
Symbiotic fungi
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Fission in Fungi
Fission in Fungi
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Budding in Fungi
Budding in Fungi
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Parasitic fungi
Parasitic fungi
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Mycelium
Mycelium
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Sporangiospores
Sporangiospores
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Hyphae
Hyphae
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Appressorium
Appressorium
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What are Deuteromycetes?
What are Deuteromycetes?
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What is cultural control?
What is cultural control?
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What is biological control?
What is biological control?
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What is chemical control?
What is chemical control?
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What is seed treatment?
What is seed treatment?
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Conidia
Conidia
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Plasmogamy
Plasmogamy
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Karyogamy
Karyogamy
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Oospores
Oospores
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Aplanospores
Aplanospores
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Oogamy
Oogamy
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Dikaryon
Dikaryon
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What are Zygospores?
What are Zygospores?
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What is an Ascus?
What is an Ascus?
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What are Ascospores?
What are Ascospores?
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What is a Basidium?
What is a Basidium?
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What are Basidiospores?
What are Basidiospores?
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What is Active Dissemination in Fungi?
What is Active Dissemination in Fungi?
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What is Passive Dissemination in Fungi?
What is Passive Dissemination in Fungi?
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What is a key difference in fungal reproduction?
What is a key difference in fungal reproduction?
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Study Notes
Fungi
- Fungi belong to the kingdom "Fungi" (Myceteae).
- Fungi are small, generally microscopic, eukaryotic, filamentous, branched, spore-bearing organisms.
- Fungi lack chlorophyll.
- Fungi cell walls contain chitin and glucans.
- Fungi can be saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic.
Morphology and Structure
- Most fungi have a filamentous vegetative body called a mycelium.
- The mycelium branches out in all directions forming hyphae.
- Hyphae emerge from the elongation of the germ tube, which results from the germination of the smallest reproductive body: a spore.
- Hyphae can be septate (partitioned by cross walls called septa) or aseptate (coenocytic).
Modification of Hyphal Structure
- Chlamydospores: Terminal or intercalary cells of a hypha enlarge, round up, and form a thick wall. These are vegetative cells that help pathogens survive.
- Rhizomorphs: Root-like aggregations of hyphae. Involved in mycelium migration and food transport.
- Sclerotia: Compact masses of hyphae, serving as survival structures under unfavorable environmental conditions.
- Appressorium: Swollen tip of a hypha or germ tube facilitating attachment and penetration of host by the fungus.
- Haustorium: Simple or branched projection of hyphae into host cells, acting as an absorbing organ for food and water.
Reproduction of Fungi
- Fungi reproduce chiefly by spores.
- Spores consist of one or a few cells.
- Spores can be formed asexually (e.g., buds produced on a twig) or sexually through fertilization.
Asexual Reproduction
- Also called vegetative or imperfect reproduction.
- Represents the main source of pathogen dissemination.
- Results in an increase in the number of individuals, potentially repeated throughout the pathogen's life or within the same season.
- Fragmentation of hyphae: Hyphae break into small segments, each segment becoming a new spore that grows into a new organism.
- Fission: Individual fungal cells divide by mitosis.
- Budding: Small growths produced from a vegetative cell.
- Production of asexual spores: Includes unicellular and multicellular spores which can be uninucleated or multinucleated. - Sporangiospores: Produced inside a sac called a sporangium, and transported by sporangiophores. Examples include Pythium and Phytophthora species. - Some sporangia develop from a naked, amoeboid, multinucleate body called a plasmodium, instead of a mycelium. - Zoospores: Swim by means of flagella. Example are Pythium, Phytophthora, Plasmopara species. - Aplanospores: Lack flagella. Example is Rhyzopus stolonifer. - Conidia: Produced by 95% of fungi and carried by conidiophores. - Conidiophores can be distinct on the basis of their location on/within the mycelium (in acervuli, in pycnidia)
Sexual Reproduction
- Represents genetic recombination and produces survival structures.
- An alternation between haploid and diploid states.
- Oospores: Produced when two gametes of unequal size (antheridium and oogonium) fuse. They are thick-walled survival structures that remain dormant before germinating. Characteristics of Oomycetes.
- Zygospores: Produced when two cells (gametes) of similar size and appearance fuse to produce a zygote. Thick-walled cells. Found in Zygomycetes.
- Ascospores: Produced within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Often 8 spores per ascus. A result of meiosis followed by mitosis. Found in Ascomycetes. Asci can be naked or enclosed within a fruiting body called ascocarp (apothecium, perithecium, cleistothecium).
- Basidiospores: Produced on the outside of a club-like structure called a basidium. Four sterigmata are formed. Exogenous spores. Spores characteristic of Basidiomycetes.
Control of Fungal Diseases of Plants
- Cultural and biological control: Using resistant plant varieties; pathogen-free seedlings; destruction of plant parts; destroying volunteer plants or alternative hosts; use of clean tools; proper field drainage; aeration; crop rotation; and beneficial microorganisms.
- Soil treatment: Solarization and fungicides.
- Chemical control: Application of fungicides to plants, seeds, or to soil.
- Seed treatment: Treating seeds with fungicides absorbed and distributed throughout the plant.
- Controlling vectors: Controlling the insects that spread fungal diseases.
Dissemination
- Active dissemination: Fungi move themselves short distances. Includes movement by zoospores.
- Passive dissemination: An external agent spreads fungal spores, such as wind, water, birds, insects, other animals, and humans. Movement distances can be large.
Classification
- Fungi are usually classified based on their sexual spores.
- Spores are not always formed in a sexual way.
- Those fungi only producing asexual spores are categorized under Deuteromycetes.
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Description
This quiz covers the kingdom Fungi, exploring their morphological features, structures, and adaptations. Discover the significance of mycelium, hyphae, and various modifications like chlamydospores and rhizomorphs. Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of fungal biology.
