Introduction to Fullerenes and Geodesic Domes

Study Notes

Fullerenes are part of the carbon family, the third allotrope of carbon.
They are closed, hollow cages formed by interconnected carbon atoms, primarily in pentagonal and hexagonal shapes.
A fullerene is a pure carbon molecule, with C60 being the most famous, also known as buckminsterfullerene or "buckyball".

In 1985, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl discovered fullerenes using a laser to vaporize graphite.
The molecular structure was theorized to resemble a soccer ball, made of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons.
C60 was named buckminsterfullerene in honor of R. Buckminster Fuller.
Curl, Kroto, and Smalley received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their discovery.

Geodesic domes are strong and durable, withstanding extreme weather conditions, like hurricanes and earthquakes.
Versatile and used for various applications, including residential, commercial, industrial structures, greenhouses, and temporary shelters.
Energy-efficient, requiring less heating and cooling compared to conventional buildings.
Constructed using sustainable materials, such as bamboo, timber, and recycled plastics, making them eco-friendly.
Aesthetically pleasing with unique and futuristic appearance.

C60 contains 60 carbon atoms arranged in a sphere with 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 90 bonds, with 60 single and 30 double.
Each carbon atom is part of one pentagon and two hexagons, maintaining the traditional carbon valence of four.
Fullerene hybridization isn't fixed but varies depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

Kratschmer-Huffman Method: This involves evaporating graphite electrodes in a helium atmosphere. The soot produced is then extracted with benzene.
The Combusting Process (Mass Production): This involves premixed benzene, oxygen, and argon in a sooting flame under low pressure.

Fullerenes are insoluble in polar solvents but soluble in aromatic solvents and carbon disulfide.
Highly reactive, especially with free radicals.
Rapidly decompose in the presence of light and trace amounts of ozone.

Medical: Antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, drug delivery, photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy
Other: Personal care products, dry lubricants in coatings, solar cells, hydrogen gas storage, strengthening/hardening metals, sensors, molecular wires, organic photovoltaics (OPV), catalysts, water purification, and biohazard protection.

Fullerenes are important molecules in the fields of science and technology.
Due to their multifaceted properties, they are crucial in fields like nanotechnology and industrial research.
Fullerenes are widely used in various industries, including cosmetics (antioxidants) and more.