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Questions and Answers
What is the refractive index (n) of a medium if the velocity of light in vacuum is $3 \times 10^8$ m/s and the velocity in the medium is $2 \times 10^8$ m/s?
What is the refractive index (n) of a medium if the velocity of light in vacuum is $3 \times 10^8$ m/s and the velocity in the medium is $2 \times 10^8$ m/s?
What type of fiber is characterized by a uniform refractive index throughout its core?
What type of fiber is characterized by a uniform refractive index throughout its core?
Which type of loss occurs due to the variation of light speeds in different mediums along the fiber?
Which type of loss occurs due to the variation of light speeds in different mediums along the fiber?
What is the main cause of Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers?
What is the main cause of Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers?
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Which type of optical fiber would typically have lower modal dispersion?
Which type of optical fiber would typically have lower modal dispersion?
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What is the primary purpose of optical fibers in telecommunications?
What is the primary purpose of optical fibers in telecommunications?
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What effect does microbending have on optical fibers?
What effect does microbending have on optical fibers?
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What is classified as intrinsic absorption in optical fibers?
What is classified as intrinsic absorption in optical fibers?
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What is the phenomenon called when light is completely reflected back into the same medium?
What is the phenomenon called when light is completely reflected back into the same medium?
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Which angle corresponds to the maximum angle of incidence for total internal reflection?
Which angle corresponds to the maximum angle of incidence for total internal reflection?
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What is the formula for numerical aperture (N A) in terms of refractive indices?
What is the formula for numerical aperture (N A) in terms of refractive indices?
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How is the acceptance angle (θa) related to numerical aperture (N A)?
How is the acceptance angle (θa) related to numerical aperture (N A)?
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What does a V-number greater than 2.405 indicate about a fiber?
What does a V-number greater than 2.405 indicate about a fiber?
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Which type of optical fiber features a uniform refractive index across its core?
Which type of optical fiber features a uniform refractive index across its core?
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Which characteristic defines a graded index fiber?
Which characteristic defines a graded index fiber?
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What factor does the V-parameter depend on?
What factor does the V-parameter depend on?
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What is the minimum value for the refractive index of any medium?
What is the minimum value for the refractive index of any medium?
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What does the relative refractive index represent?
What does the relative refractive index represent?
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According to Snell's law, when light travels from a medium with a lower refractive index to one with a higher refractive index, how does the light beam behave?
According to Snell's law, when light travels from a medium with a lower refractive index to one with a higher refractive index, how does the light beam behave?
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What occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle?
What occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle?
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What is the expression for the critical angle in terms of refractive indices?
What is the expression for the critical angle in terms of refractive indices?
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If light is traveling from a medium with a refractive index of 1.5 to one with 1.33, what will happen at the interface?
If light is traveling from a medium with a refractive index of 1.5 to one with 1.33, what will happen at the interface?
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Which of the following statements regarding the refractive index is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding the refractive index is correct?
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How is the relative refractive index difference calculated?
How is the relative refractive index difference calculated?
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What is the phenomenon called when different waves in a light pulse deviate from each other during propagation in an optical fiber?
What is the phenomenon called when different waves in a light pulse deviate from each other during propagation in an optical fiber?
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What type of loss is caused by the absorption of light energy by the material of the optical fiber itself?
What type of loss is caused by the absorption of light energy by the material of the optical fiber itself?
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In the given formula for attenuation in optical fiber, what does Po represent?
In the given formula for attenuation in optical fiber, what does Po represent?
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Which type of absorption loss depends on unwanted foreign molecules present in the fiber medium?
Which type of absorption loss depends on unwanted foreign molecules present in the fiber medium?
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What is the range of wavelengths where silica glass is transparent, according to the absorption spectrum?
What is the range of wavelengths where silica glass is transparent, according to the absorption spectrum?
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What occurs due to the wavelength dependent nature of the refractive index in optical fibers?
What occurs due to the wavelength dependent nature of the refractive index in optical fibers?
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Which formula correctly represents the relationship for attenuation in optical fibers?
Which formula correctly represents the relationship for attenuation in optical fibers?
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Which of the following is not a type of loss that occurs in optical fibers?
Which of the following is not a type of loss that occurs in optical fibers?
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What type of loss occurs due to small defects at the core-cladding interface formed during manufacturing?
What type of loss occurs due to small defects at the core-cladding interface formed during manufacturing?
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Which type of bending loss can typically be avoided during fiber installation?
Which type of bending loss can typically be avoided during fiber installation?
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What distinguishes scattering from reflection in optical fibers?
What distinguishes scattering from reflection in optical fibers?
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Rayleigh scattering is most accurately described as occurring due to the interaction of light waves with which type of particles?
Rayleigh scattering is most accurately described as occurring due to the interaction of light waves with which type of particles?
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Which of the following is NOT a known application of optical fibers?
Which of the following is NOT a known application of optical fibers?
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What type of scattering occurs due to irregularities in the fiber structure?
What type of scattering occurs due to irregularities in the fiber structure?
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Bending loss is primarily caused by what aspect of optical fibers?
Bending loss is primarily caused by what aspect of optical fibers?
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Microbending loss may arise from which of the following issues?
Microbending loss may arise from which of the following issues?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Fiber Optics
- Refractive index (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in a medium (v). n = c/v
- Relative refractive index (N12) is the ratio of the refractive index of a given medium (n1) to the refractive index of another medium (n2). N12 = n1/n2
- Refraction at an interface is governed by Snell's law: sin i / sin r = nr/ni, where i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle of refraction, ni is the refractive index of the incident medium, and nr is the refractive index of the refracted medium.
- Critical angle (θc) is the angle of incidence at which the refracted angle is 90 degrees. θc = sin⁻¹(nr/ni)
- Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the original medium.
- Numerical aperture (NA) is a measure of the light-gathering ability of an optical fiber. NA = √(n₁² - n₂²)
V-number
- V-number (V) is used to determine if a fiber is single-mode or multi-mode. V = 2πa / λ √(n₁² - n₂²), where a is the core radius and λ is the wavelength of light.
- Single mode fibers have a V-number less than 2.405.
- Multi-mode fibers have a V-number greater than 2.405.
Classification of Fibers
- Step-index fibers: refractive index of the core is uniform throughout the core, and changes abruptly at the core-cladding boundary.
- Graded-index fibers: refractive index of the core gradually decreases from the center to the edge of the core.
Losses in Optical Fibers
- Dispersion loss: results from different wavelengths of light traveling at different speeds within the fiber.
- Absorption loss: absorption of light energy by the material of the fiber (intrinsic) or by impurities (extrinsic).
- Bending loss: occurs due to bending of the fiber (macro or micro).
- Scattering loss: occurs due to interaction of light with imperfections or irregularities within the fiber (Rayleigh or Mie scattering).
Applications of Optical Fibers
- Communication
- Endoscopy
- Laparoscopy
- Sensors
- Photonic components
- Fiber optic lasers
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of fiber optics, including refractive index, Snell's law, critical angle, and total internal reflection. Test your knowledge on the numerical aperture and V-number relevant to optical fibers. Perfect for students studying telecommunications or optical engineering.
