Introduction to Evolution

Study Notes

Introduction to Evolution

Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
These characteristics result from variations in the genetic material of organisms, which are passed down through reproduction.
Key drivers of evolution include natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.
Evolutionary processes have resulted in the wide diversity of life on Earth.

Mechanisms of Evolution

Natural Selection: Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring.
Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population, particularly pronounced in small populations. This can lead to the loss of some alleles or the fixation of others.
Gene Flow: The transfer of genetic material from one population to another, often due to migration of individuals. This introduces new alleles into a recipient population.
Mutation: Changes in the DNA sequence, a significant source of genetic variation upon which other evolutionary forces operate.

Natural Selection

Variation: Individuals within a population vary in their traits; this heritable variation is passed down from parents to offspring.
Overproduction: Populations tend to produce more offspring than can survive.
Competition: Limited resources lead to competition for survival and reproduction among individuals.
Differential Reproduction/Survival: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.
Adaptation: Over time, advantageous traits become more common in a population, leading to adaptation of the species to its environment.

Evidence of Evolution

Fossil Record: Fossils chronologically document the history of life, showing changes in organisms over time.
Comparative Anatomy: Similarities in body structures (homologous structures) between different species suggest common ancestry.
Comparative Embryology: Similarities in embryonic development among diverse species point to a shared ancestry.
Biogeography: The distribution of species across the globe reflects patterns of evolution and continental drift.
Molecular Biology: Comparing DNA and protein sequences among organisms reveals evolutionary relationships.

Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in new biological species.
Speciation occurs when populations of a species become reproductively isolated, preventing gene flow.
Reproductive isolation can be caused by geographical barriers, behavioral differences, or differences in reproductive timing or structures.
Isolated populations diverge genetically, accumulating different adaptations, ultimately forming distinct species.

Evolutionary Trees

Phylogenetic trees visually represent evolutionary relationships among species.
Branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent common ancestors.
Branch lengths can represent the amount of evolutionary time.
Evolutionary trees are based on evidence from fossil records, genetic data, and anatomical similarities.

Macroevolution

Macroevolution encompasses large-scale evolutionary changes, leading to the formation of new groups of organisms (e.g., major taxonomic groups).
Macroevolutionary patterns include adaptive radiations (one species diversifying into multiple) and extinctions shaping life's history.

Microevolution

Microevolution refers to small-scale evolutionary changes within a population.
Microevolutionary processes like natural selection adapt populations to their environments.
Changes in allele frequencies over time constitute microevolution.

Human Evolution

Human evolutionary history is well-supported by fossil, genetic, and other evidence.
Humans share a common ancestor with other primates, evolving distinctive characteristics like bipedalism, large brains, and complex language.

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of evolution, including mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Understand how these processes contribute to the diversity of life on Earth and shape the characteristics of populations over time.