Introduction to ENR107 Course Quiz

Study Notes

Course Overview

Introduction to various number systems, microprocessors, and their applications in real-time systems.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) will be explored alongside programming practices.

Evaluation Components

Mid-Semester Examination accounts for 15% of the final grade.
End Semester Examination contributes 25% to the overall evaluation.
Assignments, quizzes, weekly reports, and a project each constitute 15% of the final mark.

Grading System

Absolute grading system with specific ranges for letter grades.
Grades range from A (90-100) to NP (0-29).

Digital Electronic Circuits

Digital circuits classified into non-programmable (e.g., logic gates, flip-flops) and programmable circuits (e.g., microprocessors).
Strong emphasis placed on understanding programmable circuits.

Digital Programmable Systems

Two categories: general-purpose systems (e.g., laptops, desktops) and special-purpose systems (e.g., washing machines, mobile devices).
Focus on foundational concepts of special-purpose systems.

General Algorithm

Process consists of reading input, processing it, generating control signals, displaying results, and looping back to read input again.

Continuous vs. Discrete Variables

Discrete variables used for computer processing; continuous variables have infinite potential values (e.g., temperature, distance).
Discrete examples include counts of objects; they are represented as finite numbers.

Analog to Digital Conversion

Continuous variables must be converted to discrete formats for computer processing.
Signals defined as functions of time, and must be converted into electrical signals via sensors.

Types of Signals

Analog Signal: Characterized by continuous amplitude and time (CA/CT).
Digital Signal: Defined by discrete amplitude and time (DA/DT); often produced by analog sensors and converted using Analog to Digital Converters (ADC).

ADC Operations

Sampling process converts analog signals (CA/CT) to digital form (CA/DT).
Nyquist theorem necessitates a sampling frequency (fs) of at least double the maximum frequency (fmax) of the signal to avoid aliasing.

Examples of Sampling Frequencies

Speech signal sampled at 8 Ksamples/s with a fmax of 3.5 KHz.
Sound signal sampled at 48 Ksamples/s with a fmax of 20 KHz.

Sampling Process

Utilizes a multiplier where an analog signal is combined with a periodic pulse train.

Quantization

Converts continuous amplitude into discrete amplitudes, defined mathematically.
Formula for quantization step (q): q = (Vmax – Vmin)/(2^n), where n is the number of bits used.

Encoding

Encoders convert quantized amplitudes into binary values for efficient digital representation.
The binary system is preferred due to its efficiency in using only two stable voltage levels.

Benefits of Binary Encoding

Requires fewer stable levels compared to decimal systems.
Reduces the effect of noise, which is crucial for long-distance signal transmission.
Facilitates easier processing through Boolean logic in circuits.

Description

This quiz assesses your understanding of the fundamental concepts introduced in ENR107. Topics include number systems, microprocessors, programming, and real-time applications. Prepare to test your knowledge and analytical skills related to the course content.