Introduction to Embedded Systems

Study Notes

What is a System?

A system is an arrangement of components that work together following specific rules.
Systems are used to organize, perform, and complete tasks based on a fixed plan.

What is an Embedded System?

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware, designed to perform specific functions.
Embedded systems can operate independently or as part of a larger system, with a focus on dedicated tasks within that system.

Why is there a growing interest in embedded systems?

Technological advancements:
- Shrinking processor size with improved performance.
- Reduced power consumption.
- Lower cost of processors.
Increased awareness that programmable processors offer advantages over purely hardwired systems:
- More robust designs.
- Shorter design cycles.
Improved development environments:
- Prototyping options.
- Simulation and emulation for quicker design cycles.
Other factors contributing to the rising interest:
- Increased use of microcontrollers in modern vehicles like cars.
- Development of adaptable runtime platforms like Java, allowing for a wider range of applications.
- Creation of integrated software environments for easier app development.
- Integration of embedded systems with the internet, enabling communication and networking of embedded systems across vast networks.

Applications of Embedded Systems:

Embedded systems are found in many everyday devices, demonstrating their wide-reaching influence.
Common Examples:
- Wristwatches
- Washing machines
- Microwave ovens
- Elevators
- Mobile telephones
- Printers
- Fax machines
- Telephone exchanges
- Automobiles
- Aircrafts
Specific examples:
- Laser printers utilize embedded systems to manage aspects like user inputs, communication, error handling, and paper sensing.

Examples of Microcomputer Applications:

Consumer Applications:
- Washing machine: controls water and spin cycles, accepts user inputs.
- Remote controls: Processes user input and sends commands to the device using infrared (IR) pulses.
- Exercise equipment: Tracks speed, distance, calories, heart rate, and logs workouts.
- Clocks and watches: Maintain time, set alarms, and display information.
- Games and toys: Entertain users with features like joystick input and video output.
- Audio/video equipment: Interacts with users and enhances performance.
Communication Applications:
- Telephone answering machines: Store, organize, and replay messages.
- Telephone systems: Handle interactive switching and information retrieval.
- Cellular phones and pagers: Integrate keypads, inputs, sound output, and communication with central systems.
- ATM machines: Combines security measures with banking convenience.
Automotive Applications:
- Automatic braking systems: Optimize stopping on slippery roads.
- Noise Cancellation systems: Improve audio quality by reducing background noise.
- Theft Deterrent devices: Offer keyless entry and alarm systems.
- Electronic ignition: Controls spark timing and fuel injection.
- Power windows and seats: Remember settings for different drivers.
- Instrumentation systems: Gather and present essential driver information.
Military Applications:
- Smart weapons: Recognize friendly targets.
- Missile guidance systems: Guide missiles accurately to their targets.
- Global positioning systems (GPS): Determine a user's location on Earth.
Industrial Applications:
- Setback thermostats: Adjust heating/cooling settings based on time of day to conserve energy.
- Traffic control systems: Monitor car positions and regulate traffic signals.
- Robot systems: Process sensor input to control robotic motions and actions.