Introduction to Economics

Microeconomics
- Examines individual and business decisions.
- Analyzes supply and demand in markets.
- Focuses on consumer behavior and pricing.
Macroeconomics
- Studies the economy as a whole.
- Examines aggregate indicators (GDP, unemployment, inflation).
- Analyzes government policies and their impact on the economy.

Scarcity
- Limited resources versus unlimited wants.
Opportunity Cost
- The cost of forgoing the next best alternative when making a decision.
Supply and Demand
- Supply: Quantity of a good that producers are willing to sell.
- Demand: Quantity of a good that consumers are willing to purchase.
- Equilibrium: Point where supply equals demand.
Market Structures
- Perfect Competition: Many firms, identical products.
- Monopolistic Competition: Many firms, differentiated products.
- Oligopoly: Few firms, interdependent pricing.
- Monopoly: Single firm dominates the market.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
Unemployment Rate
- Percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking work.
Inflation Rate
- Rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises.

Capitalism
- Private ownership of resources.
- Market-driven economy.
Socialism
- Government ownership of resources.
- Redistribution of wealth for social welfare.
Mixed Economy
- Combination of capitalism and socialism.
- Both private and public sectors play significant roles.

Fiscal Policy
- Government spending and taxation decisions.
- Aimed at influencing economic growth and stability.
Monetary Policy
- Central bank actions to control money supply and interest rates.
- Aims to manage inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

Trade
- Exchange of goods and services between countries.
- Can be influenced by tariffs, quotas, and trade agreements.
Exchange Rates
- Value of one currency in terms of another.
- Affects international trade and investment.

Classical Economics
- Advocates for free markets and minimal government intervention.
Keynesian Economics
- Emphasizes the role of government in stabilizing the economy through fiscal policy.
Supply-Side Economics
- Focuses on boosting economic growth by increasing supply (tax cuts, deregulation).

Economics studies how societies manage scarce resources, focusing on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Microeconomics
- Analyzes decisions made by individuals and businesses, evaluating supply and demand dynamics and consumer behavior.
Macroeconomics
- Investigates the overall economy, focusing on aggregate indicators such as GDP, unemployment, and inflation while studying the effects of government policies.

Scarcity
- Represents the limitation of resources against unlimited human wants.
Opportunity Cost
- Refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision.
Supply and Demand
- Supply is the amount producers are willing to sell, while demand is what consumers are ready to buy; equilibrium occurs where supply meets demand.
Market Structures
- Perfect Competition: Numerous firms selling identical goods.
- Monopolistic Competition: Many firms selling differentiated products.
- Oligopoly: A few firms with interdependent pricing strategies.
- Monopoly: A single firm dominates the market.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Measures the total output of goods and services produced in a country.
Unemployment Rate
- Represents the percentage of the labor force that is seeking employment but is jobless.
Inflation Rate
- Indicates how quickly prices for goods and services are rising in the economy.

Capitalism
- Characterized by private ownership of resources and a market-driven economy.
Socialism
- Involves government ownership of resources with a focus on wealth redistribution for social welfare.
Mixed Economy
- Combines elements of capitalism and socialism, where both private and public sectors contribute significantly.

Fiscal Policy
- Encompasses government strategies regarding spending and taxation that aim to promote economic growth and stability.
Monetary Policy
- Involves actions by a central bank to regulate the money supply and interest rates, focusing on managing inflation and economic growth.

Trade
- Involves the exchange of goods and services between countries, impacted by trade agreements, tariffs, and quotas.
Exchange Rates
- The value of one currency relative to another, influencing international trade and investment flows.

Classical Economics
- Promotes free markets and minimal government interference.
Keynesian Economics
- Stresses the government's role in economic stabilization through fiscal intervention.
Supply-Side Economics
- Targets economic growth enhancements via supply increases, supported by tax cuts and deregulation.

Challenges such as income inequality, the effects of globalization, environmental sustainability, and technological disruptions in labor markets are increasingly relevant.