Introduction to Deep Learning

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Questions and Answers

What is a core characteristic of deep learning?

  • Use of fewer layers compared to traditional neural networks.
  • Utilization of deeper neural networks with more layers/modules. (correct)
  • Application of linear models for data representation.
  • Focus on explicit feature engineering rather than learning representations.

What is a key aspect of deep learning models?

  • Limited to processing only numerical data inputs.
  • Incapable of handling varying sizes of input or output.
  • Inflexible in adapting to different input and output types.
  • Designed to be flexible with various input/output types and sizes. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a primary driver behind the recent rise and success of deep learning?

  • Development of open-source tools and models.
  • Availability of large datasets with labels for training.
  • Increased complexity in traditional algorithms. (correct)
  • Advances in computing power, especially GPUs and TPUs.

What benefit do open source tools and models provide to the field of deep learning?

<p>Accelerating research and development through shared resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of deep learning, what does the term 'differentiable functional programming' refer to?

<p>Creating models where every operation is differentiable, allowing for gradient-based optimization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of deep learning being applied to speech-to-text technology?

<p>Powering virtual assistants like Siri. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following image processing tasks is commonly tackled using deep learning techniques?

<p>Identifying objects in images. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what area has Deep Learning made significant strides by enabling computers to understand and generate human language?

<p>Natural Language Processing (NLP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of study is NOT listed as benefiting from applications of deep learning?

<p>Economics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of GPUs and TPUs in deep learning?

<p>Executing complex mathematical computations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'generative models' refer to in the context of deep learning?

<p>Models that can create new data instances that resemble their training data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym NLP stand for?

<p>Natural Language Processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these deep learning libraries/frameworks is described as high-level front end?

<p>Keras (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a computation graph in deep learning?

<p>To represent the mathematical operations in a model. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental mathematical concept is crucial for training deep learning models, facilitated by computation graphs?

<p>Automatic computation of gradients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how the computation of gradients is handled in modern deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow 2 and PyTorch?

<p>Through dynamic differentiable modules, often referred to as 'define-by-run'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks is NOT typically associated with deep learning applications in computer vision?

<p>Lossless data compression of image files. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key advantage does deep learning offer in tasks like image recognition and natural language processing compared to traditional machine learning algorithms?

<p>Automatic feature extraction from raw data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the application of deep learning in genomics contribute to advancements in the field?

<p>By improving the prediction of gene regulation and identifying binding sites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of computation graphs, what is the significance of all modules being 'differentiable'?

<p>It enables the use of gradient-based optimization methods for training the model. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using deep learning in scientific simulations, as demonstrated in physics and chemistry?

<p>Acceleration computational speed compared to traditional methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'computation graph' within a deep learning context?

<p>A directed graph representing a series of operations, with nodes as operations and edges as data flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deep learning contribute to the field of game playing, as exemplified by AlphaGo?

<p>By allowing AI agents to learn complex strategies through self-play and reinforcement learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'parameters' in a neural network, as they relate to computation graphs?

<p>They represent neuron weights that are adjusted during training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the open-source tools and models mentioned, which is most geared towards natural language processing?

<p>spaCy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of AlphaFold in the application of deep learning to genomics?

<p>AlphaFold significantly improved the accuracy of protein structure prediction, a long-standing challenge in biology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the use cases for Deep Learning, which of the following is considered a 'Generative model'?

<p>Image translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind using deep learning for image translation?

<p>To convert an image from one domain or style to another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between deep learning frameworks that use static computation graphs (e.g., Theano) versus dynamic graphs (e.g., PyTorch)?

<p>Static graphs define the computation graph before execution, while dynamic graphs build it during execution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Deep Learning's generative models relate to statistical probability?

<p>Deep Learning generative models attempt to model the underlying probability distribution of the training data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When modeling images, what are some of the benefits of convolutions? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Translation Equivariance (A), Parameter Sharing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where you need to choose a deep learning framework for a new research project with the following constraints: The project requires rapid prototyping, easy debugging, and flexible model architectures. Which framework would be most suitable?

<p>PyTorch, owing to its define-by-run approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'transfer learning' typically leverage pre-trained deep learning models to accelerate and improve performance on new tasks?

<p>By using the pre-trained model's learned features as a starting point and fine-tuning it on the new task's specific data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a deep learning model trained for image classification, which technique would best help visualize the parts of an image that most influence the model's prediction?

<p>Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of batch normalization in training deep neural networks?

<p>It accelerates training by reducing internal covariate shift. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which loss functions would you employ to classify images of cats and dogs?

<p>Cross-Entropy Loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language models, what is 'word embedding'?

<p>A way to represent words as numerical vectors in a high-dimensional space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In deep learning-based object detection models, what purpose do 'anchor boxes' serve?

<p>They provide a set of pre-defined bounding box shapes and sizes to facilitate object localization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique does AlphaGo/Zero employ to master the game of Go?

<p>Monte Carlo Tree Search combined with Deep Reinforcement Learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of a neural network?

<p>Neural networks are biologically plausible and computationally convenient mathematical models of cognitive structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vanishing gradient concern in machine learning?

<p>Vanishing gradient describes a scenario where some parameters of a Deep Learning mode are either unchanged or change only slightly during training. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Deep Learning?

Neural networks with more layers/modules, non-linear, hierarchical structure.

Why Deep Learning Now?

Better algorithms, more computing power (GPUs, TPUs), larger datasets, and open-source tools.

Open source DL tools

Libraries and frameworks like Keras, TensorFlow, PyTorch, MXNet, Theano, CNTK etc.

DL in Speech-to-Text

Translating spoken words into written text using deep learning models.

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DL in Computer Vision

Using deep learning to interpret and understand visual information from images or videos.

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DL in NLP

Using deep learning to process and understand human language. (ex: Google Translate)

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DL with Vision + NLP

The combination of computer vision and natural language processing, enabling models to understand both images and text.

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DL in Image Translation

Converting an image from one style or representation to another using deep learning.

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DL Generative Models

Creating new, realistic data samples using deep learning models.

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DL in Genomics

Deep learning to model and understand biological and genomic information.

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DL in Chemistry/Physics

Deep learning for chemical and physical simulations.

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DL for AI in Games

Using deep learning algorithms to play games.

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Computation Graph

A directed graph of functions used to represent a neural network.

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Computation Graph Building Blocks

Components are 'linear' (parametrized) and/or 'nonlinear functions'.

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Automatic Gradient Computation

Gradients are calculated automatically and efficiently.

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Dynamic Differentiable Modules

Tensorflow 2, PyTorch JAZ ect rely on dynamic differentiable modules: 'define-by-run'.

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Vectorization with GPUs/TPUs

Vector computation to perform large matrix operations with GPUs or TPUs.

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Study Notes

  • The goal of an introduction to deep learning class includes:
  • When and where to use deep learning
  • How deep learning works
  • Frontiers of deep learning
  • Learn to implement deep learning using Numpy and Tensorflow
  • Learn engineering knowledge for building and training deep learning models using Keras

What is Deep Learning?

  • Neural Networks are good old and have been around with the addition of more layers/modules
  • DL is non-linear, hierarchical, and can create abstract representations of data
  • DL creates flexible models with any input/output type and size
  • DL is differentiable functional programming

Why now?

  • There are better algorithms and more understanding of DL
  • There is more computing power thanks to GPUs and TPUs
  • There is more data available with labels
  • There are open source tools and models available

Applications of DL Today

  • Speech-to-text
  • Vision applications
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Image translation
  • Generative models
  • Applications in Science: Genomics, Chemistry, and Physics
  • AI in games
  • Recommened reading: deeplearningbook.org, Francois Chollet's book, Aurélien Géron's book

Libraries and Frameworks

  • Keras is used as a high-level front end for TensorFlow, MXNet, Theano, and CNTK
  • Available libraries and frameworks include: TensorFlow, PyTorch, JAX, MXNet, Theano, CNTK, Caffe, gensim, spaCy

Computation Graph

  • Neural network = parametrized, non-linear function
  • Computation graph: Directed graph of functions, depending on parameters (neuron weights)
  • Combination of linear (parametrized) and non-linear functions
  • Not only sequential application of functions
  • Automatic computation of gradients: all modules are differentiable!
  • Theano (now Aesara), Tensorflow 1, etc. build a static computation graph via static declarations.
  • Tensorflow 2, PyTorch JAX etc. rely on dynamic differentiable modules: "define-by-run".
  • Vector computation GPU and accelerator (GPU and TPU).

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