Introduction to Cytology

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Questions and Answers

What is the name given to a living organism that is made up of a single cell?

  • Organelle
  • Multicellular organism
  • Tissue
  • Unicellular organism (correct)

Who is credited with inventing the microscope?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Anthony Levinhock (correct)
  • Mathias Schleiden

Which of these is NOT a common component found in all cells?

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Chloroplast (correct)

What type of cell is described as lacking a nucleus and membranous organelles?

<p>Prokaryotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the central part of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located?

<p>Nucleoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer covering that separates the cell's interior from its surroundings?

<p>Plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoplasm?

<p>Providing structural support and housing organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>It produces and modifies cellular products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria?

<p>To increase the surface area for ATP production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about mitochondria is incorrect?

<p>They are found only in plant cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell would likely have a higher number of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

<p>A muscle cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for moving vesicles through the cell?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

<p>Lipid and steroid synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER is involved in lipid and steroid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that is made up of nine triple microtubules?

<p>Centriole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

<p>To produce ribosomal RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the finger-like projections that are present in the outer surface of the cell?

<p>Microvilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

<p>RER is involved in protein synthesis, while SER is involved in lipid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that is responsible for the formation of spindle fibers during cell division?

<p>Centrioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

<p>Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Pili are involved in the transfer of genetic material during conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest organelle found in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dynein arms in cilia and flagella?

<p>To move the cilia and flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella called?

<p>9+2 arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in their structure between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

<p>Eukaryotic flagella are made of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, while prokaryotic flagella are made of a single microtubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capsule in a prokaryotic cell?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of protein found in the cell membrane?

<p>Structural proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane?

<p>To act as receptors for signaling molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane down their concentration gradients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>The cell will shrink as water moves out of it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes describes the engulfment of solid particles by a cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?

<p>To bind to molecules and change shape to move them across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of passive transport?

<p>Simple diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that involves a cell absorbing fluids from outside the cell and bringing them inside?

<p>Pinocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant protein found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells?

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intercellular junction allows the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances between adjacent animal cells?

<p>Gap junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of junction is found between plant cells and allows for communication between them?

<p>Plasmodesmata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the process in which materials are transported out of a cell?

<p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in the extracellular matrix?

<p>Plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that connects adjacent animal cells, forming a tight seal that prevents leakage between cells?

<p>Tight junctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intercellular junction is particularly important in cardiac muscle cells, allowing for the rapid conduction of electrical signals?

<p>Gap junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytology

The science that studies cells, the basic units of life.

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; new cells arise from existing cells.

Microscope

An instrument that magnifies objects, used to study cells.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance where cellular components are found.

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DNA

The genetic material of the cell, containing instructions for life.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Simple cells without a nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea; DNA is in the nucleoid.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells with a true nucleus and organelles; found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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Micrographs

Pictures of cells taken using a microscope.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A membranous structure involved in synthesizing proteins and lipids.

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Rough ER

Type of ER with ribosomes; synthesizes and modifies proteins.

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Smooth ER

Type of ER that synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones.

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Golgi Apparatus

Organelles responsible for packaging and transporting cellular products.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Cristae

Folds inside the mitochondria that increase surface area for reactions.

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Matrix

The thick fluid inside mitochondria containing enzymes for respiration.

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Cell Wall

A rigid structure that protects and shapes the cell.

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Nucleus

The organelle that contains genetic material and regulates cell activities.

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Plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA in prokaryotes that can carry genes.

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Ribosomes

Molecular machines that synthesize proteins from amino acids.

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Capsule

A protective layer found in some prokaryotes that aids in survival.

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Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers in cells supporting structure and movement.

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Centrioles

Small organelles made of microtubules, important for cell division.

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Microtubules

Hollow tubes that are part of the cytoskeleton and centrioles.

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Endomembrane System

A network of membranes that modify and transport proteins and lipids.

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Cilia

Short, hair-like structures that move substances over cell surfaces.

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Flagella

Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.

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9+2 Arrangement

Cilia and flagella structure with 9 outer microtubule pairs and 2 central ones.

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Microvilli

Finger-like projections on cell surfaces to increase absorption.

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Transport proteins

Proteins that assist in moving substances across the cell membrane.

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Channel proteins

Proteins that form pores in the membrane, allowing specific molecules to pass through.

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Glycoproteins

Proteins with polysaccharides attached, involved in cell recognition.

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Active transport

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

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Sodium-potassium pump

A specific active transport mechanism that moves sodium out and potassium into cells.

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Osmosis

The movement of water from high to low water concentration through a membrane.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles.

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Pinocytosis

The process by which a cell absorbs fluids from outside and brings them inside.

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Exocytosis

A process by which materials are transported out of the cell.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A network of proteins and carbohydrates outside cells that supports and connects them.

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Collagen

The most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix that provides structure.

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Intercellular Junctions

Structures that allow cells to adhere and communicate with each other.

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Gap Junctions

Channels between adjacent animal cells that allow the transfer of ions and small molecules.

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Plasmodesmata

Junctions that connect plant cells, allowing communication and transport.

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Tight Junctions

Barrier junctions in animal cells that prevent leakage between cells.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Cytology

  • Cytology is the study of cells
  • Cells are the fundamental units of living organisms
  • Cells are linked to the discovery of the microscope

Cell Structure

  • A cell is the smallest unit of a living organism
  • Living things can be made of one cell or many cells
  • Cells vary in size.
  • Scientists use microscopes to study cells
  • Micrographs are photographs of cells taken with microscopes

Cell Theory

  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • New cells arise from existing cells
  • All cells share four common components: cytoplasm; DNA; plasma membrane; and ribosomes

Main Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Simple cells like bacteria and archaea
  • Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid
  • Most have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, and sometimes a capsule made of polysaccharide

Eukaryotic Cells

  • More complex cells like animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protist cells
  • Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts)
  • Have several rod-shaped chromosomes

Cell Components

Nucleus

  • Contains DNA, the genetic material
  • Usually spherical in shape
  • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
  • Contains nuclear pores
  • Regulates cell activity and is the site of cell division

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • A multifold membranous structure
  • Two types: rough ER and smooth ER
  • Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification.
  • Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi Apparatus

  • Composed of flattened sacs called cisternae and associated vesicles
  • Involved in processing, packaging, and shipping certain cellular products

Mitochondria

  • Rod-shaped organelles
  • Surrounded by a double membrane with folds called cristae
  • Site of cellular respiration (ATP production)

Ribosomes

  • Non-membranous organelles
  • Consist of large and small subunits
  • Involved in protein synthesis

Lysosomes

  • Small vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus
  • Contain enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • Involved in phagocytosis (cellular eating) and sometimes in cell self-digestion.

Peroxisomes

  • Vesicles containing enzymes that neutralize harmful compounds
  • Involved in decomposing hydrogen peroxide

The Cytoskeleton

  • Network of protein filaments
  • Provides shape, support, and facilitates cellular movements
  • Three types: microtubules, intermediate filaments & microfilaments

Centrioles

  • Small, hollow cylindrical organelles
  • Present in pairs
  • Involved in cell division (formation of the spindle fibers)

The Endomembrane System

  • A group of membranes and organelles responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins.
  • Include nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the cell membrane.

Cilia and Flagella

  • Thin cytoplasmic threads projecting from the cell’s surface
  • Involved in cell movement
  • Cilia are numerous, short.
  • Flagella are few in numbers, long.

Microvilli

  • Finger-like projections
  • Increase surface area for absorption

Plasma Membrane

  • Selectively permeable barrier
  • Composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins
  • Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Transport Mechanisms

  • Passive transport (osmosis and diffusion) doesn't need energy
  • Active transport requires energy for molecules to move against their concentration gradient

Cell Junctions

  • Provide contact between cells
  • In plants, they are called plasmodesmata
  • In animals they include tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

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