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Questions and Answers
What is a significant flaw associated with MD5 hash algorithms?
What is a significant flaw associated with MD5 hash algorithms?
Which hash algorithm is known to produce outputs of varying lengths such as SHA-256 and SHA-512?
Which hash algorithm is known to produce outputs of varying lengths such as SHA-256 and SHA-512?
What information is typically included in a digital certificate?
What information is typically included in a digital certificate?
What was the significant achievement of researchers regarding SHA-1 as documented in 2017?
What was the significant achievement of researchers regarding SHA-1 as documented in 2017?
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Which of the following hash algorithms should not be trusted due to known weaknesses?
Which of the following hash algorithms should not be trusted due to known weaknesses?
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What impact does a hash collision have on data integrity?
What impact does a hash collision have on data integrity?
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Which characteristic is unique to hash algorithms like SHA and MD?
Which characteristic is unique to hash algorithms like SHA and MD?
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What can the presence of collisions in hash algorithms lead to?
What can the presence of collisions in hash algorithms lead to?
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Which hashing algorithm was initially published by Ronald Rivest?
Which hashing algorithm was initially published by Ronald Rivest?
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What algorithm family includes SHA-256 and SHA-512 as components?
What algorithm family includes SHA-256 and SHA-512 as components?
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What is a primary disadvantage of asymmetric cryptography?
What is a primary disadvantage of asymmetric cryptography?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric key algorithms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric key algorithms?
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Which asymmetric key algorithm is known for its commercial use?
Which asymmetric key algorithm is known for its commercial use?
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What are the central aspects of modern cryptography?
What are the central aspects of modern cryptography?
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In a hybrid cryptosystem, what is the function of the session key generated by Alice?
In a hybrid cryptosystem, what is the function of the session key generated by Alice?
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What is the role of hash functions in cryptography?
What is the role of hash functions in cryptography?
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In symmetric cryptography, what is the first step that Alice and Bob must take?
In symmetric cryptography, what is the first step that Alice and Bob must take?
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Which of the following statements about hybrid cryptosystems is correct?
Which of the following statements about hybrid cryptosystems is correct?
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What does non-repudiation in cryptography ensure?
What does non-repudiation in cryptography ensure?
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How does asymmetric cryptography primarily differ from symmetric cryptography?
How does asymmetric cryptography primarily differ from symmetric cryptography?
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What is a common weakness of symmetric encryption methods?
What is a common weakness of symmetric encryption methods?
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Which asymmetric algorithm is known for its open-standard characteristics?
Which asymmetric algorithm is known for its open-standard characteristics?
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Which of the following applications does NOT directly relate to cryptography?
Which of the following applications does NOT directly relate to cryptography?
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What is the main challenge associated with key distribution in asymmetric cryptography?
What is the main challenge associated with key distribution in asymmetric cryptography?
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What is the primary purpose of maintaining data integrity in cryptography?
What is the primary purpose of maintaining data integrity in cryptography?
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Which statement is true regarding the efficiency of asymmetric cryptography?
Which statement is true regarding the efficiency of asymmetric cryptography?
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When Alice encrypts her message using Bob's public key, what cryptographic principle is she employing?
When Alice encrypts her message using Bob's public key, what cryptographic principle is she employing?
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Which field does modern cryptography intersect with?
Which field does modern cryptography intersect with?
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What does the term 'confidentiality' primarily refer to in the context of cryptography?
What does the term 'confidentiality' primarily refer to in the context of cryptography?
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What common feature do both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography share?
What common feature do both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography share?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cryptography
- Cryptography is the art and science of protecting data, ensuring only intended recipients can read and process it, while blocking adversaries.
- Various aspects of information security, such as confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation, are central to modern cryptography.
- Modern cryptography combines mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering
- Cryptography is used in ATMs, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.
Goals of Cryptography
- Confidentiality: Ensuring secret data remains secret from unauthorized access.
- Integrity: Verifying data hasn't been altered unauthorizedly.
- Non-repudiation: Proving data was created or modified by a specific individual.
- Authentication: Determining if someone or something is genuinely who or what it claims to be.
Two Kinds of Cryptography
-
Symmetric Cryptography:
- Alice and Bob agree on a cryptosystem and a key
- Alice encrypts the plaintext message using the algorithm and key, creating ciphertext
- Alice transmits ciphertext to Bob
- Bob decrypts the message using the same algorithm and key.
-
Asymmetric Cryptography:
- Alice and Bob agree on a public-key cryptosystem.
- Bob sends Alice his public key.
- Alice encrypts her message with Bob's public key and sends it to Bob.
- Bob decrypts the message with his private key.
Symmetric Cryptography Detail
- Uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
- Efficient for bulk data processing.
- Works well with smaller key sizes.
- Key distribution is a challenge.
Symmetric Key Algorithms
- Data Encryption Standard (DES)
- Triple DES (3DES)
- Blowfish & Twofish
- IDEA
- RC4, RC5, and RC6
- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Asymmetric Cryptography Detail
- Uses two different but related keys.
- Encryption with one key, decryption with the other key.
- Solves key distribution challenges.
- Inefficient for large data blocks.
- Slower than symmetric cryptography.
Problems with Cryptography
- Symmetric: Keys need secure distribution. If a key is compromised, anyone can decrypt messages. Doesn't scale well for networks.
- Asymmetric: Significantly slower than symmetric. Vulnerable to attacks like chosen-plaintext attacks.
Public-Key Algorithms
- Not a substitute for symmetric algorithms.
- Used to encrypt keys (session keys) used by symmetric algorithms for message traffic.
Asymmetric Key Algorithms
- Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA)
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
- Open Standard PGP (RFC 4880) - implemented as Gnu Privacy Guard
- Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC)
Hybrid Cryptosystems
- Bob sends Alice his public key.
- Alice generates a session key, encrypts it with Bob's public key, and sends it to Bob.
- Bob decrypts the session key using his private key.
- Both use the same session key for further communication.
Hash Functions
- Computes a small hash value from large amounts of data.
- Different data results in different hash values.
- Protects data integrity - verifying no unauthorized alterations.
- Used in digital signatures.
Hash Algorithms
- Message Digest (MD) (e.g., MD2, MD4, MD5)
- Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) (e.g., SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512)
- HAVAL
Digital Certificates
- Electronic documents containing information about the certificate (who issued it, whom it's issued to, valid until, public key, algorithms and key sizes, digital signature).
- Digital signatures verify data integrity.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cryptography, including its goals such as confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. Learn about the different types of cryptography, such as symmetric and asymmetric systems, and explore how they are used in modern technology. Test your understanding of how cryptography secures data.
