Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes criminology as a field of study?
Which of the following best describes criminology as a field of study?
- An interdisciplinary science exploring crime. (correct)
- Primarily a vocational qualification for law enforcement.
- A purely theoretical discipline with no practical applications.
- A branch of law focused on criminal procedure.
Coleman and Norris view criminology as an attempt to achieve which of the following?
Coleman and Norris view criminology as an attempt to achieve which of the following?
- Reduce bias in media reporting of crime.
- Justify existing laws.
- Determine the appropriate punishment for offenders.
- Measure the extent of crime and understand offenders. (correct)
According to Newburn, beyond the study of crime itself, criminology also includes the study of what?
According to Newburn, beyond the study of crime itself, criminology also includes the study of what?
- The historical development of legal systems.
- The economic impact of crime on society.
- The criminal justice and penal systems. (correct)
- The psychology of victims of crime.
Which concept does Sandra Walklate emphasize as a central, unifying concern in criminology?
Which concept does Sandra Walklate emphasize as a central, unifying concern in criminology?
Which broad question falls within the scope of criminological inquiry?
Which broad question falls within the scope of criminological inquiry?
Which of the following topics is most likely to be covered in a criminology course?
Which of the following topics is most likely to be covered in a criminology course?
According to Dr. Wayne Morrison, what characterizes crime?
According to Dr. Wayne Morrison, what characterizes crime?
How does the Sage Dictionary of Criminology define 'crime'?
How does the Sage Dictionary of Criminology define 'crime'?
According to the North American Criminologist Henry, what is a key element in determining the nature of crime?
According to the North American Criminologist Henry, what is a key element in determining the nature of crime?
According to the North American Criminologist Henry, what is required for an act to be considered a crime?
According to the North American Criminologist Henry, what is required for an act to be considered a crime?
Sandra Walklate identifies 'Social' as one of the key components of crime. What does it refer to?
Sandra Walklate identifies 'Social' as one of the key components of crime. What does it refer to?
According to Wayne Morrison, an understanding of crime requires which of the following?
According to Wayne Morrison, an understanding of crime requires which of the following?
Paul Tappan's 'pure legal approach' defines crime as:
Paul Tappan's 'pure legal approach' defines crime as:
According to Paul Tappan's 'pure legal approach', when can an individual be officially considered a criminal?
According to Paul Tappan's 'pure legal approach', when can an individual be officially considered a criminal?
A key criticism of the 'nation state legality' approach to defining crime is that:
A key criticism of the 'nation state legality' approach to defining crime is that:
What is Sandra Walklate's critique of defining crime solely through the lens of nation-state legality?
What is Sandra Walklate's critique of defining crime solely through the lens of nation-state legality?
How does Sutherland perceive crime?
How does Sutherland perceive crime?
A key criticism of Sutherland's approach to defining crime is:
A key criticism of Sutherland's approach to defining crime is:
What is a key similarity between Paul Tappan's and Sutherland's approaches to defining crime?
What is a key similarity between Paul Tappan's and Sutherland's approaches to defining crime?
Howard Becker's labelling theory posits that crime is:
Howard Becker's labelling theory posits that crime is:
According to Wayne Morrison's perspective on social construction, what role does a community play when crime is committed?
According to Wayne Morrison's perspective on social construction, what role does a community play when crime is committed?
A key criticism of social constructionist theories of crime is that:
A key criticism of social constructionist theories of crime is that:
How does the Marxist approach view laws and definitions of crime?
How does the Marxist approach view laws and definitions of crime?
What is Steven Box's concept of 'mystification' in the context of crime?
What is Steven Box's concept of 'mystification' in the context of crime?
A common critique of Marxist approaches to criminology is:
A common critique of Marxist approaches to criminology is:
According to Wayne Morrison, understanding crime in a globalized world requires what?
According to Wayne Morrison, understanding crime in a globalized world requires what?
What is a potential criticism of defining crime beyond nation-state legality?
What is a potential criticism of defining crime beyond nation-state legality?
In criminology, what does 'social harm' broadly encompass?
In criminology, what does 'social harm' broadly encompass?
Which best exemplifies the concept of 'moral' crime as characterized by Sandra Walklate?
Which best exemplifies the concept of 'moral' crime as characterized by Sandra Walklate?
According to William Chambliss & Richard Quinney's Marxist perspective, which statement is most accurate?
According to William Chambliss & Richard Quinney's Marxist perspective, which statement is most accurate?
Consider the statement: 'The concept of identity theft was not recognized as a distinct crime until the late 20th century, despite the fact that people had been impersonating others for fraudulent purposes for centuries.' Which theory does this example best support?
Consider the statement: 'The concept of identity theft was not recognized as a distinct crime until the late 20th century, despite the fact that people had been impersonating others for fraudulent purposes for centuries.' Which theory does this example best support?
How does the example of violence by Buddhist monks against Rohingya Muslims relate to the concept of defining crime in the city of God?
How does the example of violence by Buddhist monks against Rohingya Muslims relate to the concept of defining crime in the city of God?
How would a social constructionist likely view the difference in legal consequences between petty theft and corporate fraud?
How would a social constructionist likely view the difference in legal consequences between petty theft and corporate fraud?
Which factor primarily differentiates international crimes from transnational crimes, according to Wayne Morrison?
Which factor primarily differentiates international crimes from transnational crimes, according to Wayne Morrison?
Suppose a country legalizes euthanasia (assisted suicide) for terminally ill patients, but it remains illegal in most other countries. How would Paul Tappan's pure legal approach and Sutherland's focus on objective morality differ in their views of euthanasia?
Suppose a country legalizes euthanasia (assisted suicide) for terminally ill patients, but it remains illegal in most other countries. How would Paul Tappan's pure legal approach and Sutherland's focus on objective morality differ in their views of euthanasia?
A new government unexpectedly takes power, and abruptly decrees that actions previously regarded as legal are now punishable by lengthy jail sentences, despite there being no change in societal attitudes towards those activities. Which criminological perspective would directly challenge the new laws?
A new government unexpectedly takes power, and abruptly decrees that actions previously regarded as legal are now punishable by lengthy jail sentences, despite there being no change in societal attitudes towards those activities. Which criminological perspective would directly challenge the new laws?
Crimes such as human trafficking and cybercrime are considered by Wayne Morrison under which framework?
Crimes such as human trafficking and cybercrime are considered by Wayne Morrison under which framework?
Which approach most emphasizes moral judgements?
Which approach most emphasizes moral judgements?
Flashcards
What is Criminology?
What is Criminology?
Criminology is the scientific study of crime.
Coleman and Norris definition of criminology
Coleman and Norris definition of criminology
An attempt to measure the extent of crime and offenders, analyze crime causes, and understand law formation/application.
Newburn's definition of criminology
Newburn's definition of criminology
The study of crime, those who commit crime, and the criminal justice/penal systems.
Walklate's definition concern
Walklate's definition concern
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Sandra Walklate's Definition of Crime
Sandra Walklate's Definition of Crime
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Three Questions of Criminology
Three Questions of Criminology
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Morrison's definition of Crime
Morrison's definition of Crime
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Sage Dictionary of Criminology Definition of Crime
Sage Dictionary of Criminology Definition of Crime
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North American Criminologist - Henry
North American Criminologist - Henry
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Legal definition of Crime
Legal definition of Crime
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Moral definition of Crime
Moral definition of Crime
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Social defintion of Crime
Social defintion of Crime
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Humanistic definition of Crime
Humanistic definition of Crime
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Social Constructionist definition of Crime
Social Constructionist definition of Crime
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Wayne Morrison's frameworks of crime
Wayne Morrison's frameworks of crime
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Paul Tappan's Pure Legal Approach
Paul Tappan's Pure Legal Approach
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Sutherland's view of Crime
Sutherland's view of Crime
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Howard Becker's Labelling Theory
Howard Becker's Labelling Theory
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Wayne Morrison: Social Construction of Crime
Wayne Morrison: Social Construction of Crime
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William Chambliss & Richard Quinney on Crime
William Chambliss & Richard Quinney on Crime
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Moral Censure
Moral Censure
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Steven Box & Mystification
Steven Box & Mystification
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Wayne Morrison: Crime Beyond Nation State Legality
Wayne Morrison: Crime Beyond Nation State Legality
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Transitional Crimes
Transitional Crimes
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International Crimes
International Crimes
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Study Notes
Introduction to Criminology
- Criminology can be a whole degree program or a stand-alone module
- Criminology is a scientific, multidisciplinary and reflective study of crime
What is Criminology?
- Criminology seeks to measure crime and identify offenders
- Criminology analyzes crime causes, law formation, and application
- Criminology seeks to understand the issues around punishment, crime prevention, crime's impact on victims, public attitudes, and media representation of crime
Newburn's Definition of Criminology
- Focuses on the study of crime itself
- Focuses on the study of those who commit crime
- Focuses on the criminal justice and penal systems
Sandra Walklate's Perspective
- Criminology is held together by a focus on crime
- A multidisciplinary approach is key to understand the conceptual apparatus of criminologists
- Criminologists often disagree on solving the crime problem
- Criminology both resonates with common sense and challenges traditional thinking
Core Questions Addressed by Criminology
- What is Crime exactly?
- What causes criminal behavior?
- How society should respond to criminal activity?
Chapters in Criminology
- Statistics of Crime
- Classicist vs. Positivist Criminology
- Psychology and Crime
- Sociological Perspectives
- Contemporary Cultural Criminology
- Feminist Criminology
- Punishment
- Criminology under Globalization
- Policing
Defining Crime
- Criminologists from different fields have varying opinions on the notion of "crime"
- Crime has become an integral risk in everyday life, associated with harm and violence
- There is no self-evident and unitary concept of crime
North American Criminologist Henry on Determining Elements of Crime
- There is a potential level of harm
- Social agreement that the victim has been harmed
- Official societal response and laws exist that specify the act as a crime
Sandra Walklate's Definitions of Crime
- Legal: Behavior prohibited by criminal code
- Moral: Behavior offending the collective consciousness, leading to punishment
- Social: Behavior violating social norms
- Humanistic: Actions by individuals, institutions, or states denying basic human rights
- Social Constructionist: Behavior defined as criminal by those with power
Wayne Morrison's Frameworks to Understand Crime
- Crime as a reflection of nation-state legality
- Crime as a social construct
- Crime in the city of God
- Crime beyond nation-state legality
Nation State Legality
- Paul Tappan's pure legal approach states crime is an intentional act violating criminal law
- Crime covers a range of behaviors best defined by criminal law
- No other rules define crimes clearly or objectively like criminal law
- Someone cannot be considered a criminal until adjudicated and found guilty
- Professor HLA Hart: A crime is not necessarily an immoral act
Criticisms of Nation State Legality
- Criminal law evolves over time, behaviours change, and laws of behaviours change
- Criminal law does not always explain which behaviours should be criminal or not criminal
- Sandra Walklate places law that the center of the criminological stage
- Sandra Walklate raises questions about the processes that produce changes, who influences these changes, understanding processes to help understand crime, and if we study criminal behaviour or the behaviour of breaking the law
Crime in the City of God
- Crime can be seen as against religious authority and sourced from religious texts
- Sutherland states Crime is behaviour objectively morally wrong and harmful to general society
- Criminal law defines socially harmful acts as crime
- Criminal law reflects religious teachings
- Malaysia, is an example of a hybrid system of secular and religious laws, with the crimes of adultery and apostasy
Criticisms of Crime in the City of God
- Religion is at times used to justify inhumane acts, violence by Buddhist monks against Rohingya Muslims
- Sutherland's idea of morally acceptable or socially harmful acts assumes that there is an objective criteria
Paul Tappan & Sutherland Similarities
- Refers to criminal law as a means to define crime
Paul Tappan & Sutherland Difference
- Sutherland explains crime further than criminal law, the teachings and moral and socially harmful Acts
Social Construction and Howard Becker's Labeling Theory
- Society shapes and defines crime
- Criminal law doesn't come from a full consensus in the population
- "Crime" comes from labeling behavior "deviant"
- Changing legal definitions are not as critical as the successful pinning of a deviant label
- Those who have the power can enact and enforce criminal law
Wayne Morrison on Social Construction
- Crime is a label created through social interaction with symbolic, practical effects
- Communities have a moral duty for justice, and to punish crim
- Recognising an act as a crime is a social choice
Criticisms of Social Construction
- Becker's Labeling Theory lacks explanation as to why labelling occurs
- Becker's Labeling Theory doesn't address how power and inequality effect labelling processes
- It places too much focus on societal reaction downplaying significance of harm because of behaviour
- It might not cover all types of crimes
- It may not be consistent
Marxist Approach to Social Construction
- Becker's Labeling Theory influenced these Marxist approaches
- William Chambliss and Richard Quinney find that laws and definitions of crime are heavily influenced by the interests of the working class
- Crime and law are tools that those in power use to control the powerless
Colim Sumner's Moral Censure
- Moral censor is the social condemnation of certain behaviours based on moral grounds
- Moral judgements are made by society similar to the Labelling theory
- The concept of moral censor is often used by those in power to enforce social control
Steven Box's Mystification
- The true nature and social problems of a crime is obscured by those of powerful groups
- The term 'crime' is often mystified by those in power to create a diverted picture from crimes committed by powerful sections of society
- Those in power focus the public's attention on street crimes reinforcing criminal stereotypes
Criticisms of Marxist Approach
- It blames capitalism
- Not all crimes can be blamed on class issues
- Crimes such as passion of hate crimes aren't accounted for
Crime Beyond Nation State Legality
- Morrison emphasizes considering global social, economic, political, and cultural contexts when examining crime and justice
- In a globalized world, it should be understood within a broader, translational context
- Transnational crimes include human trafficking, drug trafficking, arms smuggling, cybercrime, money laundering, and terrorism.
- International crimes include genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
- A new set of universal, international definitions of criminal behavior is needed
Criticisms of Crime Beyond Nation State Legality
- There is a lack of consensus on what constitutes crime
- There exist different cultures, legal societies, values and norms
- It could potentially lead to cultural imperialism
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