Introduction to Criminology

• Criminology encompasses the knowledge of crimes and society's efforts to prevent and repress them.
• Raffaele Garofalo coined the term criminology.
• Cesare Beccaria authored "Crime and Punishment" in 1764.
• Cesare Lombroso is known as the father of modern criminology.
• Criminal demography studies the relationship between criminality and population.
• Criminal epidemiology studies the relationship between environment and crime levels.
• Criminal ecology studies criminality in relation to special distribution (location).
• Criminal physical anthropology studies the link between criminality and physical constitution of men.
• Criminal psychology studies human behavior related to criminality.
• Criminal psychiatry studies the human mind related to criminality.
• Victimology studies the victim's role in crime commission.
• Dactyloscopy is the science of fingerprints.
• Polygraphy is lie detection examination.
• Ballistics is the study of firearms and bullets

Schools of Thought

• The Classical School suggests people have free will in choosing actions.
• The Positivist School suggests criminal behavior comes from internal and external factors outside individual control.
• The Chicago School adopts a social ecology approach to studying cities.

Criminal Law

• Criminal law is a branch of public law defining crimes, their nature, and punishments.
• It is generally applied equally to all persons within a territory, regardless of personal circumstances.
• It is territorial, meaning each country can enforce laws within its jurisdiction.
• It is specific and definite, requiring a clear definition of acts constituting a crime.
• An act is a crime regardless of who committed it.
• No one can be punished for an act that was not punishable by law at the time.
• Crime is an act or omission violating public law.
• Felony is an act or omission punishable by the Revised Penal Code.

Legal Classification of Crimes

• Crimes can be classified by the manner committed.
• Dolo or deceit involves deliberate intent, such as murder.
• Culpa or fault involves imprudence, negligence, or lack of skill, resulting in a wrongful act.
• Crimes can be classified by the stage of commission.
• Attempted crimes involve commencing a felony through overt acts but not completing all execution acts due to external causes.
• Frustrated crimes involve completing all execution acts but not producing the felony due to causes independent of the perpetrator's will.
• Consummated crimes involve all necessary elements for execution and accomplishment.
• Crimes can be classified by plurality.
• Simple crimes involve a single act constituting one offense.
• Complex crimes involve two or more grave felonies, or one offense is necessary for another.

Classification by Gravity

• Grave felonies carry capital punishment or afflictive penalties.
• Less grave felonies carry correctional penalties, such as imprisonment.
• Light felonies carry arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both.

Criminological Classification of Crimes

• Crimes can be classified by result.
• Acquisitive crimes involve the offender acquiring something through the criminal act.
• Extinctive crimes result in destruction.
• Crimes can be classified by time-period.
• Seasonal crimes occur only during a specific period of the year.
• Situational crimes occur when the situation is conducive.
• Crimes can be classified by length of time.
• Instant crimes are committed quickly.
• Episodic crimes are committed through a series of acts over time.
• Crimes can be classified by location.
• Static crimes are committed in one place.
• Continuing crimes are committed in several places.
• Crimes can be classified by the use of mental faculties.
• White-collar crimes are committed by upper-class individuals in their occupations.
• Blue-collar crimes are committed by ordinary professional criminals for livelihood.
• Crimes can be classified by the criminals’ standard of living.
• Upper-world crimes include falsification cases.
• Underworld crimes include bag snatching.

Classification of Criminals

• A criminal refers to anyone who violates the law.
• Acute criminals act on impulse due to strong emotions like anger or jealousy.
• Chronic criminals act after deliberate thinking.
• Normal criminals have psychic conditions resembling normal individuals but identify with criminal prototypes.
• Ordinary criminals are considered the lowest form and engage in conventional crimes requiring limited skills.
• Organized criminals have a high degree of organization to commit crimes undetected, often specializing in large-scale activities.
• Professional criminals are highly skilled, obtaining considerable money through organization and contacts.
• Accidental criminals commit acts due to unanticipated circumstances.
• Situational criminals commit crimes due to a given situation.
• Habitual criminals continue to commit crimes for diverse reasons related to intelligence deficiency and self-control.
• Active-aggressive criminals commit crimes impulsively, often exhibiting aggressive behavior.
• Passive-inadequate criminals are pushed into crimes by inducement or reward, without considering consequences.
• Socialized criminals seem normal but have inadequate and defective socialization processes.

Criminal Types Based on Body Build

• Pyknic types are stout and tend to commit deception, fraud, and violence.
• Athletic types are muscular and strong, often connected with crimes of violence.
• Asthenic types are skinny and slender, committing petty theft and fraud.
• Dysplastic or mixed types have no predominant type, often committing offenses against decency and morality.

The Three Parts of Human Psyche (Personality)

• ID is the unconscious, driven by pleasure and inborn impulses.
• Ego is the rational part, which grows from the Id.
• Super-ego represents the conscience.