Introduction to Computing Exam Study Notes

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Study Notes

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
- Standard markup language for creating web pages
- Created by Tim Berners Lee in 1993
- Not case-sensitive
PHP (PHP HyperText Preprocessor)
- Originally named "Personal Home Page"
- Scripting language that makes websites interactive
- Used for e-commerce applications
- Methods for data requests:
  - GET: Visible input
  - POST: Non-visible input (e.g., passwords)
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
- Used for web design
- Defines presentation rules for HTML elements

<h1> to <h6>: Heading tags (largest to smallest)
<tr>: Table row
<img>: Image (self-closing tag)
- Attributes:
  - src: Image source file
  - alt: Alternative text for accessibility
<a>: Anchor tag (for hyperlinks)
<ul>: Unordered list
<ol>: Ordered list
<p>: Paragraph
<pre>: Preformatted text
Empty Elements:
- <br>: Line break
- <hr>: Horizontal line

<!DOCTYPE html>: Document type declaration
<html>: Root element
<head>: Contains meta information (not displayed on page)
- <title>: Page title
<body>: Contains content displayed on page

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<?php
echo "Hello World!"; 
?>

</body>
</html>

Class selector: .className (e.g., .myClass) for styling multiple elements
ID selector: #idName (e.g., #myId) for styling specific elements
Universal selector: * (e.g., * {font-weight: bold;} for applying styles globally)
Element selector: elementName (e.g., h1 {}, p {}) for applying styles to all elements of that type

CSS:
- Inline: Styles applied directly to elements using the style attribute
- Internal: Styles defined within <style> tags in the <head>
- External: Styles linked using the <link> tag and a separate .css file
PHP:
- PHP code is embedded within HTML

Tag: Defines basic HTML element structure and content
ID: Used for specific elements, often with the for attribute in form labels.
Class: Used for multiple elements with common attributes, often for styling with CSS.

Use CSS properties:
- font-family: Sets the font family (e.g., "Arial", "Times New Roman", "sans-serif")
- font-size: Sets the font size (e.g., "16px", "1em")
- font-weight: Sets the font weight (e.g., "bold", "normal")
- font-style: Sets the font style (e.g., "italic", "normal")
- background-color: Sets background color (e.g., "pink", "#ff0000")
- text-align: Aligns text (e.g., "center", "left")

Tables:
- Created with the <table> tag
- Use <tr> for rows and <td> for cells
Forms:
- Created with the <form> tag
- Common input types:
  - <input type="text">: Text input
  - <input type="password">: Password input
  - <input type="radio">: Radio button
  - <input type="checkbox">: Checkbox
  - <textarea>: Multi-line text input
  - <select>: Dropdown list
Attributes:
- Provide additional information about HTML elements
- Examples:
  - id: Unique identifier for an element
  - class: Group elements with shared properties
  - name: Used to identify form data
  - value: Sets the initial value of an input field
  - src: Specifies the source of an image or script
  - href: Specifies the link for an anchor tag