Introduction to Computers Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What role does an Operating System play in relation to users and hardware?

An Operating System acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware.

List two main goals of an Operating System.

To make the computer system convenient to use and to control the execution of user/application programs.

What kind of facilities does an Operating System provide for program creation?

An Operating System provides facilities such as editors, compilers, linkers, and debuggers.

How does an Operating System manage access to I/O and files?

<p>It deals with the specifics of Input/Output processes and file formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of hardware in a computer?

<p>Hardware physically executes instructions and performs computations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key services an Operating System provides in terms of resource protection?

<p>It resolves conflicts for resource access contention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does software interact with hardware?

<p>Software provides a set of instructions that hardware follows to perform tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ease of use important for users of an Operating System?

<p>Ease of use is important because it enhances user convenience and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the dynamic view of system components in an Operating System?

<p>It illustrates how system components interact and operate over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a fixed-program computer from a stored-program computer?

<p>A fixed-program computer is designed for specific tasks, while a stored-program computer can execute a variety of programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can an Operating System improve the efficiency of hardware usage?

<p>By managing and scheduling access to hardware resources systematically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does an operating system play in a computer?

<p>An operating system manages all the computer's hardware and software components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of software mentioned and their purposes.

<p>Operating Systems (e.g., Windows) manage hardware, and Compilers translate high-level code to machine language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows computers to write new programs based on existing ones?

<p>The ability to treat instructions as data enables the creation of programs that can write other programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of hardware components in a modern computer.

<p>Examples include the CPU and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of instruction set architecture in stored-program computers?

<p>Instruction set architecture defines the collection of instructions a computer can execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Resource Manager in an operating system?

<p>The Resource Manager allocates and manages system resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dedicated systems differ from shared systems in terms of resource utilization?

<p>Dedicated systems have specific resources allocated to single users, while shared systems utilize resources among multiple users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does an operating system act as a Virtual Machine?

<p>An operating system provides an abstraction that allows users to interact with hardware in a simplified manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Control Program play in an operating system?

<p>The Control Program manages the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature do handheld computers and embedded systems share?

<p>They are typically resource-poor and optimized for usability and battery life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for operating systems to keep all users happy in shared environments?

<p>This ensures fair resource allocation and maintains system performance for all users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of mainframe or minicomputer systems?

<p>They provide dedicated resources for operations and user tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Command Executor in an operating system?

<p>The Command Executor provides an environment for running user commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer

A device for performing computations, following a sequence of instructions.

Hardware

The physical components of a computer (e.g., keyboard, CPU).

Software

The set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do.

Operating System (OS)

Software that manages computer hardware and software resources.

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Fixed-program computer

A computer with a fixed set of instructions wired into its hardware.

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Stored-program computer

A computer that stores instructions (programs) in memory as data.

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Compiler

Software that translates high-level programming code to machine language.

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Instruction Set Architecture

The set of instructions a computer can understand and execute.

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Operating System (OS)

A program that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user/application programs.

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OS Goals

Make computer use convenient, ease user problems, and efficiently control/execute programs and hardware.

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OS Services (Creation)

Provides tools like editors, compilers, and debuggers for creating and using programs.

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OS Services (Execution)

Manages program loading, memory use, and interaction with input/output devices.

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OS Services (Resources)

Handles resource access, including files, I/O devices, and other system components.

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Resource Conflicts

OS resolves conflicts arising from competing programs seeking the same resources.

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Static System View

A snapshot of the components of the system (hardware and software) at a specific time.

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Dynamic System View

How the system components interact and change over time.

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Shared Resources

Resources accessible and used by multiple users, often managed by servers.

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Dedicated Resources

Resources that are reserved for a single user and not shared.

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Resource-Poor Computers

Computers with limited resources, focusing on usability and battery life.

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Resource Manager

Part of the OS that allocates resources among programs and users.

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Control Program

Manages the execution of programs and input/output (I/O) devices.

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Command Executer

Provides a way for users to interact with the OS and run commands.

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Operating System as a Virtual Machine

A modern view of the OS as a software layer that creates and manages virtual resources.

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Types of Operating Systems

Different OS designs catering to diverse needs and resources (dedicated, shared, resource-poor, etc.).

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Programming for problem solving
  • Course Code: CTBT-ESC-102
  • Lab Course Code: CTBT-ESC-102L
  • Instructor: Dr. Dhrubajyoti Pathak

Introduction to Computers

  • A computer is a device designed for calculations.
  • It follows a sequence of instructions.
  • Hardware refers to the physical parts performing the operations.
  • Software refers to the instructions (steps) for the computer.

Hardware and Software

  • Hardware includes: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Memory, etc.
  • Software includes: Operating Systems (OS), programs (like apps), compilers, tools (browsers, apps, MS Office).
  • OS: An interface between hardware and the user (e.g., Windows, Ubuntu, MacOS)
  • Compiler: Translates high-level language to machine language.
  • Tools: Browsers, apps, MS Office, video, games, etc.

Computer (Conceptually)

  • Layered structure: User programs, tools, shell, etc. (on top), Operating System (middle layer), Hard Ware (bottom layer)

Early Computers

  • Fixed-program computers: Pre-programmed, do only specific tasks (e.g., calculator).
  • Stored-program computers: Instructions stored as data, more flexible.

Stored-Program Computers

  • Instructions are stored as data in memory.
  • This allows for programmable machines.
  • This allows construction of programs that write programs.

What is an Operating System (OS)

  • Manages various computer components (processors, memory, disks, printers, I/O).
  • Acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware.
  • Goals:
    • Control and execute user/application programs.
    • Make the computer system user-friendly.
    • Ease the solving of user problems.
    • Use computer hardware efficiently.

Services Provided by an OS

  • Facilities for program creation (editors, compilers, debuggers)
  • Program execution (loading in memory, I/O, initialization)
  • Access to I/O and files (handling different file formats)
  • System access (resolving resource conflicts, protecting data access)

Static View of System Components

  • Displays a hierarchical structure of computer components.
  • Shows operating system and application programs layered over computer hardware.

Dynamic View of System Components

  • Illustrates how components interact dynamically.
  • User requests go through application software, Operating System, and then processed by Hardware to return a response.

What Operating Systems Do

  • Depends on the type of computer system (shared or dedicated, resource-rich or resource-poor).
  • Users desire ease of use and good performance.
  • Some systems prioritize resource utilization.
  • Other prioritize usability (e.g., handheld computers).

Views of an Operating System

  • Classic views:
    • Resource Manager: Manages and allocates resources.
    • Control Program: Controls user program execution and I/O operations.
    • Command Executer: Provides an environment for running user commands.
  • Modern view: The Operating System as a Virtual Machine.

Types of Operating Systems (OS)

  • Examples:
    • Distributed
    • Network
    • Multitasking
    • Multiuser (multiprogramming)
    • Real-time
    • Batch
    • Time-sharing
    • Multiprocessing

Examples of OS Types

  • Batch OS: Data grouped/processed later (payroll systems)
  • Interactive OS: Direct two-way communication with the user (ATM)
  • Real-time OS: Immediate input affects output (air traffic control)
  • Network OS: Allows computer network access (server requests)
  • Multiuser/Multiprogramming OS: Many users/programs running at the same time (mainframe systems)
  • Multitasking OS: Multiple programs running at once but switching between tasks (GUI)

Types of Operating Systems

  • List of OS names: Apple, macOS, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu, etc.

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