Introduction to Computers

Basic Terminology

• The key topics covered include basic terminology, data and information, key components of a computer, and major computer types.

Computer Definition

• A computer is an electronic device programmable to accept data as input.
• It saves data and information (storage), and converts data into useful information (processing).
• The computer displays results (output) and sends data/info to others (communication).
• Computers follow instructions called programs that determine tasks.

Basic Computer Operations

• Input, Processing, Output, Storage, and Communication make up the basic operations.
• These operations are known as the IPOS Cycle.

Data and Information

• Data is a raw, unorganized collection of facts.
• Information is the result of processing data into a meaningful form.
• Both data and information can be in the form of text, sound, graphics, or video.
• The processing converts data into information.

Key Computer Components - Hardware

• Hardware includes the physical, tangible components.
• Internal hardware is located inside the system unit of the computer.
• External hardware exists outside the system unit.
• It connects via wired or wireless connections.
• All five computer operations require such hardware.

Key Computer Components - Software

• Software is non-physical and intangible.
• Software includes the programs or instructions that control the hardware.
• System Software is utilized to operate the computer.
• Application Software allows users to perform specific tasks.

Hardware Examples

• Input devices: keyboard, mouse, microphone
• Processing: CPU, GPU
• Output devices: Screen, Printer, Speakers
• Storage: Flash Disk, Hard Disk, DVD Drive
• Communication: Router, Modem

Software Examples

• System Software: Microsoft Windows 10, iOS, Android
• Application Software: Microsoft Office 2016, Adobe Photoshop, Real Player, WhatsApp

Major Computer Types

• Computers are classified as embedded computers, mobile devices, personal computers, servers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers.

Embedded Computers

• Embedded computers perform specific tasks within a device.
• They are found in household appliances, thermostats, treadmills, answering machines, and cars.

Mobile Devices

• Mobile devices are small, handheld or wearable with built-in computing and/or internet.
• Examples include smartphones, handheld gaming devices, mini tablets, and smart watches.

Personal Computers (PCs)

• PCs are small computers designed for one person's use at a time.
• Also known as microcomputers, and come in different shapes and sizes.
• Examples include desktop computers, laptops/notebooks, and hybrid notebooks/tablets.

Servers

• Servers are midrange computers that provide services to a group of users.
• These services include data storage and accessible programs.
• Users connect to servers using other computers.
• Servers are used by almost all organizations.

Mainframe Computers

• Mainframe computers are powerful and used by large organizations to manage centralized data.
• They are also called high-end or enterprise-class servers.

Supercomputers

• Supercomputers are the fastest, most expensive, and most powerful computers.
• Supercomputers generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible.
• The TITAN supercomputer contains over 300,000 processors.
• TITAN has a peak speed of 17.59 quadrillion calculations per second.