Introduction to Computers and Development Stages
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a computer?

An electronic device that receives data (inputs) and processes it by performing a set of operations (mathematical and logical) at high speed and infinitely accurate along with the ability to store huge amounts of data and information and retrieve them (outputs) when needed according to specific conditions.

What are the three main components of a computer system?

  • Input, Processing, & Output
  • Operating system, Application software, & Hardware
  • Hardware, Software, & Humans (correct)
  • Keyboard, Mouse, & Monitor

What are the main characteristics of a computer?

It consists of many parts connected to each other, which work as one unit. It depends on receiving inputs (data) through special devices (input units).

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes

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The second generation of computers used transistors, which were smaller and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes.

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The third generation of computers used integrated circuits, which further reduced size and increased computer speed.

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The fourth generation of computers featured the use of microprocessors.

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The fifth generation of computers introduced the use of multi-core processors and increased storage capacity, leading to a significant increase in speed and productivity.

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What are the two main types of computers based on processing method?

<p>Digital computers and analog computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a benefit of parallel processing?

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What are the three main types of cloud service examples mentioned in the text?

<p>E-mail services, cloud storage services, cloud computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a requirement for cloud computing?

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Which of these is NOT a type of computer based on size?

<p>Server (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between data and information?

<p>Data is the raw material that is processed inside the computer, while information is the product of processing and running data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer definition

An electronic device that processes data (input), performs operations (math and logic), stores and retrieves information, following specific instructions.

Computer characteristics

Multiple parts working together; depends on input devices for data.

First-generation computer

Used vacuum tubes; large and heavy.

ENIAC

An example of a first-generation computer.

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Second-generation computer

Used transistors; smaller and more efficient than vacuum tubes.

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Transistor

A semiconductor device used instead of vacuum tubes.

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Third-generation computer

Used integrated circuits (ICs); even smaller, faster.

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Integrated circuit (IC)

Multiple transistors on a single piece of material (chip).

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Fourth-generation computer

Used microprocessors; very small and powerful.

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Microprocessor

Central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.

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Fifth-generation computer

Multi-core processors ; advanced technologies

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Supercomputer

Largest computers, used for complex calculations.

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Mainframe computer

Powerful computers used for large organizations.

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Minicomputer

Medium-sized computers, used for medium-sized organizations.

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Microcomputer

Smallest computer; used commonly by individuals and smaller businesses.

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Desktop computer

A microcomputer designed for a stationary use.

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Laptop computer

A portable microcomputer.

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PDA

Personal Digital Assistant

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Tablet

A portable computer that uses a touchscreen.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Computers

  • Definition of Computer: An electronic device that receives data (input), processes it (performs mathematical and logical operations), stores vast amounts of data and information, and retrieves them (output) when needed.

  • Computer Characteristics: Consists of interconnected parts that function as a unified unit. It depends on input devices to receive data.

Stages of Computer Development

  • Early Historical Stage: Attempts to create machines for easier mathematical calculations, where the Arab counting system's use of zero is a key development compared to Roman numerals.

  • First Generation (1945-1958): Vacuum Tubes: Key computers include ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC. This generation used vacuum tube technology, resulting in large and heavy machines.

  • Second Generation (1959-1964): Transistors: Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, more efficient computers with longer lifespans. High-level programming languages emerged during this time.

  • Third Generation (1964-1970): Integrated Circuits: Used silicon-based integrated circuits, making computers much smaller and faster. Notable high-level programming languages emerged, like PL/1, Algol68, and Lisp.

  • Fourth Generation (1970-1995): Microprocessors: Microprocessors represented a major development, leading to smaller and faster computers. This generation also saw the emergence of ROM and RAM memory technologies.

  • Fifth Generation (1995-Present): Portable Smart Devices: Multicore processors, increased storage capacity (like CDs and flash memory), and increased processing speed characterize this generation.

Types of Computers

  • Supercomputers: Large, powerful computers used primarily in research centers like NASA.

  • Mainframe Computers: Designed for large organizations like banks, factories, and government agencies. Can run multiple operating systems simultaneously.

  • Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes, used in companies and institutions needing significant processing power for handling large customer bases (e.g., postal services, government agencies).

  • Microcomputers: The smallest type, available in various forms (desktops, portables, PDAs, tablets) and designed for individuals and smaller organizations.

  • Computer Classification by Purpose: General purpose computers handle a variety of tasks, while special purpose computers are built for specific functions.

  • Computer Classification by Processing Method: Computers can be classified based on their primary processing methods (serial or parallel processing). Parallel processing techniques enhance speed.

  • Cloud computing: A service based on shared processing and data storage; companies like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft are key contributors to this computing model.

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Description

This quiz covers the basic definition of a computer and its key characteristics. It also discusses the stages of computer development, including the early historical stage, first generation using vacuum tubes, and second generation with transistors. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in computer science.

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