Introduction to Computer Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the Data Register (DR) in the memory storage process?

The Data Register (DR) temporarily holds data before it is stored in the appropriate location in memory.

Explain the function of the Address Register (AR) during memory operations.

The Address Register (AR) holds the address of the memory location used for read and write operations.

Describe the process by which operands are moved to the data processing unit.

Operands fetched from memory are moved from the Data Register (DR) to either the Accumulator (AC) or the Multiplier-Quotient register (MQ) within the data processing unit.

What is the purpose of the Instruction Buffer Register (IBR) in the instruction cycle?

<p>The Instruction Buffer Register (IBR) temporarily holds the instruction that is not immediately executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do input and output devices interact with the computer's main memory?

<p>Input devices send information to the main memory, while output devices retrieve data from it to present to the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of information in a computer referred to as?

<p>Bit (Binary Digit).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bits make up a Nibble?

<p>Four bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant improvements have occurred in computer technology over the past half century?

<p>Increased computational power, more memory and storage, smaller sizes, and affordability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define computer architecture and give an example of an architectural attribute.

<p>Computer architecture refers to parameters visible to a programmer; an example is the instruction set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes computer organization from computer architecture?

<p>Computer organization involves the operational units and interconnections, while architecture is about visible parameters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a computer designer have?

<p>To determine important attributes for a new machine and maximize performance within cost constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to provide precise definitions for computer organization and architecture?

<p>These terms often intertwine and are context-dependent, leading to varying interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of organizational attributes in computer design?

<p>Control signals, interfaces with peripherals, and memory technology used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operation is performed when the R/W signal is set to 0?

<p>A READ operation is performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do we differentiate between a READ and a WRITE operation?

<p>We use a signal line: 0 indicates READ and 1 indicates WRITE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the size of the data bus signify?

<p>It indicates how many bits can be transferred at a time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the address bus?

<p>The address bus is used to specify particular memory locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If we have 4 signal lines, how many different memory locations can we address?

<p>We can address 16 different memory locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a memory module with a capacity of 2^n locations, what is the relationship between n and the address bus size?

<p>The size of the address bus is n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an address decoder in memory modules?

<p>The address decoder decodes the address present in the address bus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the address bus contents as 0101 and R/W = 1, what happens to the data on the data bus 1100?

<p>The data 1100 will be written to location 5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the instruction code 1000 represent?

<p>The instruction code 1000 represents LDAI imm, which loads register A with data given in the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many maximum instructions can be included with the addition of a new signal line?

<p>With the addition of a new signal line, a maximum of 16 instructions can be included.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the control unit in a CPU?

<p>The control unit is responsible for generating appropriate signals at the right time for the computer's proper functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of NOP instructions in this instruction set?

<p>NOP instructions signify 'No Operation' and are used as placeholder or idle operations within the instruction set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of adding two numbers using this machine.

<p>To add two numbers, a specific sequence of instructions must be written to load the two numbers into registers and store the result in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instruction is associated with the instruction code 1101?

<p>The instruction code 1101 is associated with the HALT instruction, which stops the execution of the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do signal lines play in the execution of instructions?

<p>Signal lines are used to identify and execute specific instructions by conveying necessary control signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the proper functioning of the computer aside from the instruction set?

<p>Aside from the instruction set, many more signals are required for the proper functioning of the computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic units of the IAS computer?

<p>The three basic units are the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the Main Memory Unit, and the Input/Output Device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the data processing unit in the CPU.

<p>The data processing unit is responsible for performing all operations, using arithmetic-logic circuits for executing instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym LDAI stand for and what does it do in the instruction set?

<p>LDAI stands for 'Load Immediate' and it loads a specified immediate value into the accumulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the CPU interact with the main memory unit?

<p>The CPU interacts with the main memory unit via data registers, pulling information into the Data Register (DR) before processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the STC instruction serve in the context of the given instruction set?

<p>STC stands for 'Store Constant', and it stores a constant value in a specified memory location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the purpose of the HALT instruction in the instruction set.

<p>The HALT instruction indicates that the execution of the program should be stopped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'stored-program concept' introduced by Von Neumann entail?

<p>The stored-program concept involves storing both programs and data in the same memory unit for easy access by the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Control Circuits in the program control unit of the CPU?

<p>The Control Circuits fetch instructions, decode opcodes, and manage data flow within the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the instruction decoder in a CPU?

<p>The instruction decoder decodes input data to generate the appropriate control signals for the computer to perform desired tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many input lines does the simple model of a decoder in the CPU have?

<p>The simple model of a decoder in the CPU has three input lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the terms 'MDR' and 'MAR' in the context of memory access.

<p>MDR stands for Memory Data Register, which holds the data being transferred, and MAR stands for Memory Address Register, which holds the address of the memory location to be accessed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a memory module of capacity 16 X 4 signify?

<p>It signifies that the module has 16 locations, each capable of storing 4 bits of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of registers within a CPU.

<p>Registers are small, fast storage units within the CPU used for temporarily holding operands and results during computation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two operations required to work effectively with main memory.

<p>The two operations are reading from and writing to the memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the binary codes for the ADD and SUB operations in the CPU?

<p>The binary code for ADD is 000, and for SUB it is 001.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a specific memory location in a memory module?

<p>A specific memory location is indicated by its address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Computer Systems

  • Computers use electrical signals for input and output
  • Two basic types of electrical signals are analog (continuous) and digital (discrete)
  • Most modern computers are digital
  • Digital signals use two levels: high and low (often represented as 5V and 0V, respectively)
  • This is known as positive logic convention
  • Computers use numerical representation (0 and 1) for ease of operation

Representation of Basic Information

  • 0 represents LOW, and 1 represents HIGH
  • Binary system (base 2) is the fundamental system for representing information in computers
  • Information is represented as strings of 0s and 1s

Computer Organization and Architecture

  • Computer technology has significantly advanced in the past few decades
  • Personal computers now offer high performance at affordable costs
  • Computer design involves balancing performance requirements with cost constraints
  • Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications
  • Computer architecture refers to the parameters visible to a programmer, which have a direct impact on program execution

Basic Computer Model and Different Units of Computer

  • Basic computer model includes four units: CPU, Input Unit, Output Unit, and Memory Unit.
  • CPU: Contains program control unit and data processing unit with registers and ALU, for performing operations
  • Input Unit: Takes input from external devices (like keyboard, mouse, or disk)
  • Output Unit: Sends output to external devices (like display, printer)
  • Memory Unit: Stores data and programs

Memory Unit

  • Memory unit is categorized into primary memory (volatile and non-volatile) and secondary memory (non-volatile)
  • Primary memory is semiconductor-based

Digital and Analog Signals

  • Signals carry information and are defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other independent variable
  • Discrete-time signals are defined on a discrete set of times
  • Continuous-time signals are often referred to as continuous signals

Basic Working Principle of a Computer

  • Focuses on the CPU and memory as the core components

Main Memory Organization

  • Memory locations are uniquely identified by memory address (e.g. location M(X))
  • Operations like READ and WRITE are used to access and modify memory

Memory Instructions

  • Various instructions are used for operations in the computer
  • LDAI, LDAA, LDBI, LDBA, STC, HALT, and NOP.

Main Memory Organization: Stored Program

  • Programs and data are stored in the computer memory
  • Von Neumann architecture is used in modern computers

Central Processing Unit

  • Central processing unit (CPU) is the main unit that handles all computer operations
  • CPU contains data processing units for handling instructions, and control units for providing signals

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Introduction to Computer System PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of computer systems, focusing on electrical signals, binary representation, and the organization of computers. It explores how digital signals function and the principles behind computer architecture. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in computing.

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