Introduction to Cloud Computing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary basis for cloud computing services?

  • Freemium model
  • Flat-rate payment
  • Pay-per-use basis (correct)
  • Subscription model

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential characteristic of cloud computing?

  • High latency (correct)
  • Rapid elasticity
  • Resource pooling
  • On-demand self-service

What defines a private cloud?

  • Exclusive to one organization (correct)
  • Managed by a third-party provider
  • Open to the general public
  • Shared by multiple organizations

Which cloud service model provides a platform for development without managing infrastructure?

<p>PaaS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which driver for cloud computing primarily focuses on cost savings and flexibility?

<p>Business Drivers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deployment model combines multiple cloud types?

<p>Hybrid Cloud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Security and compliance concerns are examples of factors that inhibit what?

<p>Cloud adoption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a public cloud application?

<p>Google Drive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a SaaS application?

<p>Gmail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows multiple users to access the same storage resource in a public cloud?

<p>Resource pooling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deployment model is typically more expensive due to the need for physical infrastructure?

<p>Private cloud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rapid elasticity in cloud services refer to?

<p>Automated resource adaptation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which service model would you find development tools provided for building your own software?

<p>PaaS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of public cloud services?

<p>Instant access to resources without infrastructure maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud model combines elements of both public and private clouds?

<p>Hybrid cloud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cloud model could involve collaboration between a government and an educational institution?

<p>Community cloud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of SaaS regarding software installation?

<p>Users can access it from any device with internet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does NOT describe Software as a Service (SaaS)?

<p>One-to-One model for resource allocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of hypervisors in virtualization?

<p>To enable multiple virtual systems on a single machine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes autonomic computing?

<p>Operates independently with minimal human intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of utility computing, what does the pay-as-you-go model imply?

<p>Users are charged according to their actual usage of computing resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Type-1 hypervisors from Type-2 hypervisors?

<p>Type-1 operates directly on the hardware without a host OS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is NOT commonly associated with cloud-based data exchanges?

<p>SMTP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using cloud service models?

<p>Resources are available on-demand without ownership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using SaaS for real-time applications?

<p>Dependent on internet speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is most suitable for a PaaS environment?

<p>Collaborative projects that need automated testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of IaaS?

<p>Difficulty migrating applications between providers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is associated with SaaS?

<p>Offers cost savings and low maintenance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language is typically supported in a PaaS environment?

<p>Java (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of SaaS could lead to concerns about data security?

<p>Data stored with third-party providers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes PaaS from SaaS?

<p>Environment for application development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common advantage of using IaaS?

<p>Offers immediate scalability for resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer connects servers to the network through Top of Rack switches in a data center?

<p>Access Layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cabling type is characterized by organized cabling with tags that improves airflow?

<p>Structured Cabling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud deployment model allows organizations to share costs among those with similar needs?

<p>Community Cloud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does modular data center design primarily facilitate?

<p>Easy deployment and cooling management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 requirements for data center networks?

<p>Synchronization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the process of verifying a user's identity within a system?

<p>Authentication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of public cloud drawbacks, which of the following is a limitation?

<p>Limited integration and flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cloud model combines aspects of both private and public clouds?

<p>Hybrid Cloud (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

<p>Resources are managed from a single console. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the suitability of IaaS?

<p>A startup launching a product with anticipated traffic spikes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage associated with IaaS?

<p>Potential latency issues due to network reliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pay-as-you-go model in IaaS benefit users?

<p>It allows costs to scale with resource usage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation of IaaS relates to handling sensitive information?

<p>Potential regulatory compliance concerns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cloud Computing Definition

Delivering computing resources (servers, storage, applications) over the internet on a pay-per-use basis.

Essential Cloud Characteristic: On-demand Self-service

Users can access resources automatically without human interaction.

Essential Cloud Characteristic: Broad Network Access

Cloud services can be accessed from various devices through the internet.

Cloud Deployment Model: Public Cloud

A cloud service provided to the general public by an external provider.

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Cloud Deployment Model: Private Cloud

A cloud infrastructure used by a single organization.

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Cloud Service Model: SaaS

Software applications delivered over the internet.

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Cloud Service Model: PaaS

A platform for developing and deploying applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.

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Cloud Service Model: IaaS

Basic infrastructure components (servers, storage) provided on demand.

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Public Cloud

A cloud service provided to the general public by an external provider, like Google Cloud, Microsoft 365, Dropbox, or Salesforce.

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Private Cloud

A cloud infrastructure used exclusively by a single organization. The organization manages the infrastructure and resources.

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Community Cloud

A cloud infrastructure shared by a group of organizations, often with a common interest or goal.

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Hybrid Cloud

A combination of public and private cloud services, allowing organizations to leverage both.

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Resource Pooling

Cloud resources like storage are shared among multiple users.

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Rapid Elasticity

Cloud resources can be scaled up or down quickly and automatically based on demand.

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Measured Services

Cloud usage is monitored and billed based on actual consumption.

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SaaS

Software as a Service: Pre-existing software delivered over the internet.

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Data Center Components

Essential elements of a data center include servers, storage devices, networking equipment, power distribution, and cooling systems.

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Access Layer

The layer connecting servers to the network using Top of Rack (ToR) switches.

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Aggregation Layer

This layer consolidates connections from the access layer to the core layer.

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Structured Cabling

Organized cabling system in a data center that improves airflow and management.

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What is a Modular Data Center?

A data center with inbuilt cooling systems, making it easy to deploy.

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Containerized Data Centers

Portable data centers that can be easily connected to power and water, useful for disaster recovery.

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Authentication

Verifying a user's identity using credentials, like username and password.

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Authorization

Determining what a user can access or do in a system based on their permissions.

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Utility Computing

A pay-as-you-go model for accessing computing resources, where you pay only for what you use.

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Commodity Servers

Generic servers designed for scalability, able to be easily added or removed to meet changing demands.

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Autonomic Computing

Systems that manage themselves, minimizing human intervention and automating tasks like resource allocation or security.

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Hardware Virtualization

The ability to run multiple virtual systems on a single physical machine, maximizing resource utilization.

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Hypervisor (Type-1)

A type of virtualization software that runs directly on the hardware, offering greater performance and security.

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Hypervisor (Type-2)

A type of virtualization software that runs on top of an existing operating system, offering easier implementation but potentially lower performance.

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HTML5, Java, JavaScript

Key technologies used in web development for creating interactive and dynamic applications in cloud environments.

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SOAP and JSON

Protocols used to exchange and structure data between different applications, especially in cloud computing.

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SaaS Suitability

Ideal for on-demand software, startups, apps with varying loads, and multi-device compatibility.

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SaaS Limitation: Real-time?

Not ideal for real-time applications due to reliance on Internet speed.

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SaaS Limitation: Data Security

Data stored with third-party providers may lack full control and confidentiality.

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PaaS Goal

Provides an environment for developers to build, test, and deploy applications online using tools from the provider's data center.

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PaaS: All-in-One

Development, testing, deployment, and hosting are all on one platform.

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PaaS Suitability

Ideal for collaborative projects, automated testing, agile development, and applications needing rapid time-to-market.

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PaaS Limitation: Vendor Lock-in

Difficult to migrate applications between providers.

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IaaS Definition

Provides virtualized computing, storage, and networking resources as virtual machines.

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IaaS: Shared Infrastructure

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers offer virtualized resources like servers and storage, which are shared among multiple users. This allows for quick setup and preconfigured virtual machines.

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IaaS: Elasticity

IaaS allows for dynamic scaling of resources based on demand. This means you can add or remove virtual machines or storage as needed to handle fluctuating workloads.

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When is IaaS a good fit?

IaaS is well-suited for situations with unpredictable usage spikes, startups with limited capital, and temporary infrastructure needs. The pay-as-you-go model makes it cost-effective for short-term projects.

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IaaS: What are the downsides?

IaaS has limitations like a lack of control over physical infrastructure, potential performance issues due to network latency, and security concerns. Sensitive data might require on-premise storage for regulatory compliance.

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What's the key difference between IaaS and PaaS?

IaaS provides the basic building blocks (servers, storage) for running applications, while PaaS offers a platform for developing and deploying applications directly, managing the underlying infrastructure for you.

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Study Notes

Cloud Computing

  • Cloud computing delivers computing resources (servers, storage, applications) over the internet on a pay-per-use basis.
  • NIST definition: on-demand network access to shared, configurable resources.

Five Essential Cloud Characteristics

  • On-demand self-service: Resources accessible automatically.
  • Broad network access: Services accessible via various devices.
  • Resource pooling: Resources pooled to serve multiple users.
  • Rapid elasticity: Resources scalable up or down as needed.
  • Measured service: Usage tracked for billing purposes.

Cloud Deployment Models

  • Public cloud: Open to general use, managed by an external provider.
  • Private cloud: Exclusive to one organization.
  • Community cloud: Shared by organizations with common concerns.
  • Hybrid cloud: Combination of multiple deployment models.

Service Models

  • SaaS: Software applications provided over the internet.
  • PaaS: Platform for development without managing infrastructure.
  • IaaS: Basic infrastructure components provided on demand.

Drivers for Cloud Computing

  • System drivers: Agility, scalability, and reliability.
  • Business drivers: Cost savings and flexibility.
  • Technology drivers: Virtualization and increased bandwidth.

Factors Inhibiting Cloud Adoption

  • Ambiguity around cloud capabilities.
  • Security, integration, and compliance concerns.

Cloud Computing Deployment Model

  • Private + public = hybrid.
  • Community cloud & hybrid- rare.
  • Google Drive is an example of a public cloud.
  • Microsoft 365 (formerly Office 365) and Dropbox are also examples of cloud applications.

Cloud Computing - On-Demand Self-Servce

  • Whichever deployment model you used, when you request, service must be delivered immediately.
  • One storage- multiple users.
  • Rapid elasticity
  • Automated responses
  • Measured Services
  • Eg. AWS -want to use certain application from their system, can only use it for a certain period of time, want >hrs., need to pay >.

Public Cloud Deployment Models

  • 3rd party.
  • As long as you trust them, can use it.

Private Cloud

  • Expensive
  • Need to buy server, build server room, need administrator to maintain server room (pay, train).
  • Start-ups - usually public cloud.

Community Cloud

  • Semi-public.
  • Gov (own private cloud) + Taylor's University (own priv cloud)= community project/development.
  • Gov + uni will allocate some storage to link each other's cloud.

Hybrid Clouds

  • Large number of data - non-sensitive (public cloud).
  • Small number of data - sensitive (private cloud)
  • Service model overview (applicable to all deployment models)
    • SaaS (pre-existing software) Ex: gmail, outlook, yahoo
    • PaaS (provide development tools, u build software) Ex: Order food, give food, pay
    • IaaS (give you storage & network, you do whatever you want...) Ex: design own kitchen, buy tools and cook.
  • Reliability- users able to access to services in multiple locations
  • Security and Compliance: public cloud - set by the cloud itself, must follow.

Data Center Topologies

  • Components: Servers, storage, network devices, power distribution, cooling.
  • Topologies: Access layer, Aggregation layer, Core Layer, Cabling (structured & unstructured), Cooling, Modular Data Centers, Containerized Data Centers.
  • Requirements: Scalability, Security, Sharing, Standardization, Simplification, Workload Mobility, East-West Traffic.

Cloud Deployment Models (Public, Private, Community, Hybrid)

  • Public Cloud: High scalability, availability, cost-effectiveness. Limited flexibility/integration/security control.
  • Private Cloud: Full infrastructure control, security, customization. High upfront maintenance costs, skilled staff needed.
  • Community Cloud: Cost-sharing among organizations with shared needs. Potential management/security/compliance conflicts.
  • Hybrid Cloud: Combines advantages of other models – flexibility and fault tolerance. Complex to implement, integrate, secure.

Laying the Groundwork for Cloud Computing

  • Authentication: Verifying user identity.
  • Authorization: Specifying user access rights.
  • Identity Providers (IdPs): Manage user credentials (OpenID, Google, Facebook, OAuth).
  • Computing Concepts: Utility computing (pay-as-you-go); Commodity Servers; Autonomic Computing (self-managing systems).
  • Hardware Virtualization: Allows multiple virtual systems on a single machine. (Hypervisors, Type-1, Type-2).
  • Web Development Technologies: HTML5, Java, JavaScript, SOAP, JSON.

Cloud Service Models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

  • SaaS: Software delivered over the internet, eliminates installations on user devices; Access via browsers or clients like laptops, tablets, smartphones.

  • PaaS: Environment for developers to build, test, deploy applications on the provider's data center. Supports programming languages, app frameworks, databases.

  • IaaS: Provides virtualized computing, storage, networking resources, offering these as virtual machines to users. (compute, storage, networking).

  • General Advantages: Cost savings, scalability, centralized management.

  • General Disadvantages: Security, interoperability, performance issues.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of cloud computing, including its definition, essential characteristics, deployment models, and service models. Test your knowledge on how cloud computing delivers resources over the internet and the various types of clouds available.

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