Introduction to Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry = Focuses on the composition of matter and the development of tools and methods for measuring it Organic Chemistry = Studies the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds Physical Chemistry = Investigates how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur Inorganic Chemistry = Deals with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds

Botany = Aspects of plant growth Geology = Formation of igneous rocks Ecology = Formation of atmospheric ozone and degradation of environmental pollutants Pharmacology = Explanation of how medications work

Alchemy = Pseudoscientific precursor to modern chemistry Spagyrists = Early practitioners who combined alchemy with herbal medicine and pharmacological chemistry Chemical Philosophy = Early study of natural philosophy that later evolved into modern chemistry Natural Philosophy = Early philosophical study that included elements of what is now known as physics and chemistry

<p>Cosmochemistry = Properties of the soil on the moon Forensics = Collection of DNA evidence at a crime scene Environmental Chemistry = Formation of atmospheric ozone and degradation of environmental pollutants Pharmaceutical Chemistry = Explanation of how medications work</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent Bond = Formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms Ionic Bond = Formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms Metallic Bond = Occurs between metal atoms where electrons are delocalized and free to move throughout the structure Hydrogen Bond = A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physics = Chemistry occupies an intermediate position between this discipline and biology Biology = Chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and this discipline Botany = Chemistry explains aspects related to plant growth in this scientific discipline Forensics = Chemistry is utilized in this field for collecting DNA evidence at crime scenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alchemy = Early practices encompassing chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, and mysticism Quantum mechanical model = Current model of atomic structure Chemical reaction = Transformation of substances into one or more different substances Chemical equation = Symbolic depiction of a chemical transformation involving atoms as subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ancient Greek χημία = Derived from the word Kemet, the ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian language Arabic al-kīmīā (الكیمیاء) = May have Egyptian origins and derived from Ancient Greek χημία Al-kīmīā = Derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الكیمیاء) χημεία = Derived from the word Kemet, the ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states = States in which matter can be studied Plasma state = State in which matter can be studied and is characterized by ionized particles Isolation or in combination = Ways in which matter can be studied Substances, metals, crystals, and aggregates of matter = Elements studied in traditional chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rearrangement of electrons in chemical bonds between atoms = Basis of a chemical transformation Chemical laws = Basic rules constraining the type of chemical reactions and energy changes Energy and entropy considerations = Invariably important in almost all chemical studies Nuclear reaction or radioactive decay = Refers to a transformation when the number of atoms on either side of an equation is unequal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory glassware = Stereotypically used in a chemistry laboratory but not central to chemistry Experimental and industrial chemistry = Forms of chemistry done without laboratory glassware Chemical substances classification = Done in terms of structure, phase, and chemical compositions without relying on glassware Chemical ana = Tools used for analyzing chemical substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matter = Substances studied in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states Chemical transformation = Rearrangement of electrons in chemical bonds between atoms resulting in one or more different substances Atomic structure = Current model described by quantum mechanics and studied as elementary particles, atoms, molecules, and aggregates of matter Chemical substances classification = Done based on structure, phase, and chemical compositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism, and medicine = Practices encompassed by alchemy during the Renaissance Quest to turn lead or other base metals into gold = Associated with alchemy but alchemists were also interested in many questions of modern chemistry Ancient Egyptian language word Kemet = Possible origin for the term alchemy through its Arabic and Greek derivatives ϕημεία 'cast together' = Possible derivation for the term alchemy through its Arabic and Greek derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy changes = Constrained by certain basic rules known as chemical laws Entropy considerations = Invariably important in almost all chemical studies Type of chemical reactions a substance may undergo = Constrained by energy changes and entropy considerations Nuclear reaction or radioactive decay = Referred to when energy changes are involved and number of atoms on either side is unequal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various fields of chemistry = 'Frequently used for economic purposes' in the chemical industry Alchemy practices during the Renaissance = 'Often associated with the quest to turn lead or other base metals into gold' but also interested in questions of modern chemistry Atomic structure model described by quantum mechanics = 'Starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter' for economic purposes Chemical laws and energy considerations = 'Invariably important' for economic purposes in almost all chemical studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ancient Greek χημία = 'Cast together' possible derivation for alchemy through its Arabic and Greek derivatives Arabic al-kīmīā (الكیمیاء) = 'May have Egyptian origins' derived from Ancient Greek χημία which is derived from Kemet - ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian language Al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία 'cast together' = 'May have Egyptian origins' derived from Ancient Greek χημία which is derived from Kemet - ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian language χημεία 'cast together' = 'May have Egyptian origins' derived from Ancient Greek χημία which is derived from Kemet - ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic structure = Describes the current model of matter at the atomic level Chemical reaction = Transformation of substances into one or more different substances Chemical laws = Basic rules constraining the type of chemical reactions and energy changes Chemical substances = Classified based on structure, phase, and chemical compositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alchemy = Derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الكیمیاء) Chemistry = Modified from the word alchemy during the Renaissance Al-kīmīā = Derived from Ancient Greek χημία or the Egyptian word Kemet Kemet = Ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory glassware = Stereotypically used in a chemistry laboratory Chemical equation = Symbolically depicts a chemical transformation involving atoms Energy changes = Invariably important in almost all chemical studies Tools of chemical analysis = Used to analyze chemical substances based on their composition and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma state = One of the states in which matter can be studied in chemistry Nuclear reaction = Transformation referred to when the number of atoms on either side of an equation is unequal Entropy considerations = Invariably important in almost all chemical studies Rearrangement of electrons = Basis for a chemical transformation involving the chemical bonds between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metallurgy = Part of the earlier alchemy practices encompassing elements of chemistry Philosophy = Part of the earlier alchemy practices encompassing elements of chemistry Astronomy = Part of the earlier alchemy practices encompassing elements of chemistry Medicine = Part of the earlier alchemy practices encompassing elements of chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arabic = Derivative language for the term alchemy (al-kīmīā) Ancient Greek = Derivative language for the term χημία, which eventually led to alchemy Egyptian language = Derivative language for the term Kemet, ancient name of Egypt Renaissance modification = Derivative process for changing alchemy into chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid state = State in which matter can be studied in traditional chemistry Liquid state = State in which matter can be studied in traditional chemistry Gas state = State in which matter can be studied in traditional chemistry Plasma state = State in which matter can be studied in traditional chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms = Subjects involved in a chemical equation representing a transformation Chemical bonds = Involved in rearrangement during a chemical transformation Electrons = Reorganized within chemical bonds during a chemical transformation Energy changes = Constrained by certain basic rules known as chemical laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structure = Criterion used to classify chemical substances based on arrangement and bonding of atoms Phase = Criterion used to classify chemical substances based on physical state Composition = Criterion used to classify chemical substances based on their chemical makeup Analysis tools = Used to analyze and classify chemical substances based on various criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantum mechanical model = Describes the current model of atomic structure in modern chemistry Chemistry laboratory glassware = Stereotypically used but not central to modern experimental or applied/industrial chemistry Entropic considerations = Invariably important in almost all modern chemical studies Substance transformations = Result from interactions between atoms and rearrangements of chemical bonds studied in a modern chemistry laboratory</p> Signup and view all the answers