Introduction to Chemistry

The branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

Organic Chemistry
- Study of carbon-containing compounds.
- Focuses on structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis of organic molecules.
Inorganic Chemistry
- Study of inorganic compounds, usually without carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- Covers metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
Physical Chemistry
- Deals with the physical properties and changes of matter.
- Combines principles of physics and chemistry through thermodynamics and kinetics.
Analytical Chemistry
- Focuses on qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
- Employs techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy.
Biochemistry
- Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
- Includes metabolism, enzyme function, and molecular biology.

Atoms and Molecules
- Atoms: Basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Molecules: Groups of two or more atoms bonded together.
Periodic Table of Elements
- Organized chart of all known elements, arranged by atomic number.
- Groups elements based on similar chemical properties.
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Reactions
- Chemical Reactions: Process in which substances (reactants) are converted into new substances (products).
- Types: Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion.

Solid: Definite shape and volume; particles packed closely.
Liquid: Definite volume but no definite shape; particles are less tightly packed.
Gas: No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Study of energy changes during chemical reactions.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Enthalpy (ΔH): Change in heat content, related to changes in energy in a reaction.

Central to various fields including medicine, pharmacology, environmental science, and materials science.
Understanding chemical principles is essential for advancements in technology and healthcare.

Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties, including its composition, structure, and changes.

Organic chemistry focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, including their structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
Inorganic chemistry explores compounds without carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
Physical chemistry combines physics and chemistry to investigate the physical properties and changes of matter, often through thermodynamics and kinetics.
Analytical chemistry analyzes substances qualitatively and quantitatively, using techniques like chromatography and spectroscopy.
Biochemistry studies chemical processes within and related to living organisms, including metabolism, enzyme function, and molecular biology.

Atoms are the fundamental units of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together.
The Periodic Table of Elements organizes all known elements by atomic number, grouping them based on similar chemical properties.
Chemical Bonds hold atoms together in molecules.
- Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, creating charged ions.
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Chemical Reactions are processes where reactants are transformed into products.
- Types: Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions.

A mole is a unit of amount equal to (6.022 \times 10^{23}) entities (Avogadro's number).
It's used to convert between the atomic/molecular scale and macroscopic amounts.

Solids have a definite shape and volume due to closely packed particles.
Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape, with particles less tightly packed.
Gases have no definite shape or volume, as particles are far apart and move freely.

Thermodynamics studies energy changes during chemical reactions.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Enthalpy ((\Delta H)) represents the change in heat content, related to energy changes during reactions.

Acids donate protons (H⁺) in solution.
Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

Chemistry is crucial for various fields such as medicine, pharmacology, environmental science, and materials science.
Understanding chemical principles is essential for advancements in technology and healthcare.