Electrochemistry

Foundation of Science

• Chemistry is the central science that provides a foundation for understanding basic and applied scientific disciplines.

Definition of Chemistry

• Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter, chemical elements, and compounds made of atoms, molecules, and ions.

Branches of Chemistry

• Geochemistry explains aspects of plant growth, formation of igneous rocks, and properties of the soil on the moon.
• Medicinal chemistry focuses on understanding how medications work and how environmental pollutants are degraded.

Atomic Structure

• The current model of atomic structure addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.

Forensic Science

• Forensic chemistry involves the collection of DNA evidence at a crime scene.

Etymology

• The origin of the word 'chemistry' comes from the term 'alchemy'.

Chemical Transformations

• The basis of a chemical transformation is the change in the chemical bonds between atoms.
• Chemical equations symbolically depict a chemical transformation, with the reactants on the left and products on the right, showing that matter is conserved.
• The laws of thermodynamics constrain the type of chemical reactions and energy changes in chemistry.

Classification of Substances

• Chemical substances are classified based on their properties and composition.

Coordination Chemistry

• A coordination complex is a species formed between a central metal ion and one or more surrounding ligands, molecules, or ions that contain at least one lone pair of electrons.
• The donor atom in a typical complex is the atom that donates a pair of electrons to the central metal ion.
• A polydentate ligand in a coordination complex is a ligand that can attach to the central metal ion through more than one donor atom.
• Chelation in coordination complexes refers to the process of a ligand attaching to the central metal ion through more than one donor atom.
• The coordination sphere comprises the central metal ion and the ligands attached to it.
• Chelate complexes in coordination chemistry are complexes that contain polydentate ligands.
• The term used to refer to the number of donor atoms attached to the central atom or ion is the denticity.
• A bidentate ligand is a type of ligand that offers two pairs of electrons.
• The most common coordination number in coordination chemistry is 6.
• The theory that proposed that ammonia molecules compensated for the charge of the ion by forming chains in metal amine complexes is the chain theory.
• The oxidation state and coordination number of a complex ion reflect the overall charge and number of ligands attached to the central metal ion.
• A synergic bond is a type of bond formed when an atom or group offers a pair of electrons to two similar or different central metal atoms or acceptors.
• Early well-known coordination complexes included metal amine complexes and metal cyanide complexes.
• The hydrated ion is a type of complex ion formed between a central metal ion and surrounding ligands that contain at least one water molecule.