Introduction to Cell Division and DNA (Exam 2)
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Questions and Answers

How many total chromosomes does a potato have?

  • 12
  • 24 (correct)
  • 36
  • 78

    • What defines a haploid cell?

  • It contains only coding DNA.
  • It has a single copy of each chromosome. (correct)
  • It contains two copies of each chromosome.
  • It has one maternal and one paternal chromosome.

    • What is the relationship between genome size and complexity of an organism?

  • All complex organisms have large genomes.
  • Larger genome size indicates greater complexity.
  • Genome size is not related to complexity. (correct)
  • Smaller genome size indicates greater complexity.

    • Which type of cell is a gamete?

    <p>Haploid cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of human DNA codes for proteins?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which step of DNA replication do strands separate?

    <p>Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes duplicated DNA?

    <p>It results in sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of free nucleotides during DNA replication?

    <p>They base-pair with existing strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of the three main steps of cell division?

    <p>DNA replication, Mitosis, Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>To keep DNA from getting tangled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nucleotide pairs is complementary in DNA?

    <p>Adenine and Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total chromosomes do humans have?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genome?

    <p>The complete collection of an organism's genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a gene?

    <p>It contains information necessary for producing a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>It consists of two chains of nucleotides linked together forming a double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokinesis during cell division?

    <p>To divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

    <p>The cell prepares for mitosis by replicating its chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cytokinesis?

    <p>The cell membrane pinches to form two separate daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the end of mitosis?

    <p>The unraveling of chromosomes and formation of nuclear envelopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do daughter cells enter after cytokinesis?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do daughter cells contain after mitosis if the parent cell had 4 unreplicated chromosomes?

    <p>4 unreplicated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomes facilitate protein synthesis in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the beginning of interphase?

    <p>Cellular activities resume after division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer treatment involves the use of extreme cold to destroy cancerous tissue?

    <p>Cryosurgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?

    <p>To prevent cancer proteins from binding with t-cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option involves cutting through cancerous tissue with precision?

    <p>Lasers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperthermia function as a cancer treatment?

    <p>It destroys cancer cells using extreme heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of radiation on cells?

    <p>It can alter mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proto-oncogenes in cell division?

    <p>They promote cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the separation of sister chromatids occur?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when vesicles accumulate near the metaphase plate?

    <p>Cell plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically allows unchecked cell division in cancer cells?

    <p>Mutated proto-oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to genes that inhibit abnormal cell growth?

    <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mutations are usually needed for a cell to become cancerous?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis?

    <p>It fuses with the parent plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication and cell growth?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cell Division

    • Cells originate from other cells.
    • Cell division is essential for growth and replacement of old cells.
    • The process involves three key steps: DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

    Introduction to DNA

    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary information carrier in living organisms.
    • It's composed of two chains of nucleotides, forming a double helix structure.
    • A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose), and a phosphate molecule.
    • Base pairs are complementary: Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

    Chromosomes

    • A gene is a specific DNA segment encoding information for protein production.
    • Chromatin is a linear DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins for organization.
    • Histones are proteins that prevent DNA tangling.
    • Chromosomes are compact DNA strands.
    • The genome is the complete collection of an organism's genetic information.
    • A karyotype is a visual arrangement of chromosomes.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
    • The size of an organism's genome does not directly correlate to its complexity.

    Percentage of Coding DNA

    • A significant portion of DNA in many organisms does not code for proteins and has unknown functions.
    • Only 2% of human DNA codes for proteins.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA molecule.
    • New DNA nucleotides then pair with each single DNA strand, forming a new double helix.
    • This results in a duplicated chromosome consisting of sister chromatids.

    The Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis.
    • Interphase is further divided into G1, S phase, and G2.
    • During the S phase, DNA replication occurs.

    Mitosis and Cytokinesis

    • Mitosis is the process of nuclear and chromosome division.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.
    • Daughter cells inherit the same chromosome set as the parent cell.
    • Mitosis stages include: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

    Cancer Cells

    • Cancer results from uncontrolled cell multiplication and invasion of surrounding tissues.
    • It is caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell division.
    • Proto-oncogenes promote cell division, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit abnormal growth.
    • Multiple mutations are typically needed for a cell to become cancerous.

    Cancer Treatments

    • Surgery: removal of cancerous cells or tumors.
    • Cryosurgery: using extreme cold to destroy cancerous tissue.
    • Hyperthermia: using extreme heat to damage cancerous cells.
    • Lasers: precision lasers to cut through cancerous tissue.
    • Immunotherapy: using drugs to target and block cancer proteins, allowing immune cells to destroy cancer cells.
    • Radiation therapy: using external or internal radiation to damage and kill cancerous cells.

    Cancer in Our World

    • Cancer is explored by researchers and scientists to understand the causes, prevention, and treatment of this disease.

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts of cell division, including DNA structure, chromosomes, and genetic information. You'll explore how cells replicate and the role of DNA in heredity and protein synthesis. Perfect for students studying biology or genetics.

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