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Questions and Answers
How many total chromosomes does a potato have?
How many total chromosomes does a potato have?
- 12
- 24 (correct)
- 36
- 78
What defines a haploid cell?
What defines a haploid cell?
- It contains only coding DNA.
- It has a single copy of each chromosome. (correct)
- It contains two copies of each chromosome.
- It has one maternal and one paternal chromosome.
What is the relationship between genome size and complexity of an organism?
What is the relationship between genome size and complexity of an organism?
- All complex organisms have large genomes.
- Larger genome size indicates greater complexity.
- Genome size is not related to complexity. (correct)
- Smaller genome size indicates greater complexity.
Which type of cell is a gamete?
Which type of cell is a gamete?
What percentage of human DNA codes for proteins?
What percentage of human DNA codes for proteins?
In which step of DNA replication do strands separate?
In which step of DNA replication do strands separate?
What describes duplicated DNA?
What describes duplicated DNA?
What is the role of free nucleotides during DNA replication?
What is the role of free nucleotides during DNA replication?
What is the correct sequence of the three main steps of cell division?
What is the correct sequence of the three main steps of cell division?
What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?
What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?
Which of the following nucleotide pairs is complementary in DNA?
Which of the following nucleotide pairs is complementary in DNA?
How many total chromosomes do humans have?
How many total chromosomes do humans have?
What is a genome?
What is a genome?
What distinguishes a gene?
What distinguishes a gene?
Which statement best describes the structure of DNA?
Which statement best describes the structure of DNA?
What is the primary function of cytokinesis during cell division?
What is the primary function of cytokinesis during cell division?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
What is the outcome of cytokinesis?
What is the outcome of cytokinesis?
What signifies the end of mitosis?
What signifies the end of mitosis?
In which phase do daughter cells enter after cytokinesis?
In which phase do daughter cells enter after cytokinesis?
How many chromosomes do daughter cells contain after mitosis if the parent cell had 4 unreplicated chromosomes?
How many chromosomes do daughter cells contain after mitosis if the parent cell had 4 unreplicated chromosomes?
Which statement accurately describes the role of ribosomes?
Which statement accurately describes the role of ribosomes?
What occurs at the beginning of interphase?
What occurs at the beginning of interphase?
Which cancer treatment involves the use of extreme cold to destroy cancerous tissue?
Which cancer treatment involves the use of extreme cold to destroy cancerous tissue?
What is the main purpose of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
What is the main purpose of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
Which treatment option involves cutting through cancerous tissue with precision?
Which treatment option involves cutting through cancerous tissue with precision?
How does hyperthermia function as a cancer treatment?
How does hyperthermia function as a cancer treatment?
What is one effect of radiation on cells?
What is one effect of radiation on cells?
What is the role of proto-oncogenes in cell division?
What is the role of proto-oncogenes in cell division?
During which phase does the separation of sister chromatids occur?
During which phase does the separation of sister chromatids occur?
What is formed when vesicles accumulate near the metaphase plate?
What is formed when vesicles accumulate near the metaphase plate?
What typically allows unchecked cell division in cancer cells?
What typically allows unchecked cell division in cancer cells?
Which term refers to genes that inhibit abnormal cell growth?
Which term refers to genes that inhibit abnormal cell growth?
How many mutations are usually needed for a cell to become cancerous?
How many mutations are usually needed for a cell to become cancerous?
What happens to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis?
What happens to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis?
What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication and cell growth?
What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication and cell growth?
Study Notes
Introduction to Cell Division
- Cells originate from other cells.
- Cell division is essential for growth and replacement of old cells.
- The process involves three key steps: DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Introduction to DNA
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary information carrier in living organisms.
- It's composed of two chains of nucleotides, forming a double helix structure.
- A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose), and a phosphate molecule.
- Base pairs are complementary: Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
Chromosomes
- A gene is a specific DNA segment encoding information for protein production.
- Chromatin is a linear DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins for organization.
- Histones are proteins that prevent DNA tangling.
- Chromosomes are compact DNA strands.
- The genome is the complete collection of an organism's genetic information.
- A karyotype is a visual arrangement of chromosomes.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- The size of an organism's genome does not directly correlate to its complexity.
Percentage of Coding DNA
- A significant portion of DNA in many organisms does not code for proteins and has unknown functions.
- Only 2% of human DNA codes for proteins.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA molecule.
- New DNA nucleotides then pair with each single DNA strand, forming a new double helix.
- This results in a duplicated chromosome consisting of sister chromatids.
The Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis.
- Interphase is further divided into G1, S phase, and G2.
- During the S phase, DNA replication occurs.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
- Mitosis is the process of nuclear and chromosome division.
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.
- Daughter cells inherit the same chromosome set as the parent cell.
- Mitosis stages include: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Cancer Cells
- Cancer results from uncontrolled cell multiplication and invasion of surrounding tissues.
- It is caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell division.
- Proto-oncogenes promote cell division, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit abnormal growth.
- Multiple mutations are typically needed for a cell to become cancerous.
Cancer Treatments
- Surgery: removal of cancerous cells or tumors.
- Cryosurgery: using extreme cold to destroy cancerous tissue.
- Hyperthermia: using extreme heat to damage cancerous cells.
- Lasers: precision lasers to cut through cancerous tissue.
- Immunotherapy: using drugs to target and block cancer proteins, allowing immune cells to destroy cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy: using external or internal radiation to damage and kill cancerous cells.
Cancer in Our World
- Cancer is explored by researchers and scientists to understand the causes, prevention, and treatment of this disease.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts of cell division, including DNA structure, chromosomes, and genetic information. You'll explore how cells replicate and the role of DNA in heredity and protein synthesis. Perfect for students studying biology or genetics.
