Introduction to Cell Biology Quiz
40 Questions
6 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the maximum magnification power of an electron microscope?

  • 400x
  • 1000x
  • 10,000x
  • 10,000,000x (correct)

    • Which of the following characteristics is NOT common to all living things?

  • Cellular organization
  • Ability to reproduce
  • Ability to adapt
  • Lifelong immortality (correct)

    • What is the typical magnification range for light microscopes used in biology labs?

  • 100x to 1000x (correct)
  • 1000x to 10,000,000x
  • 10x to 100x
  • 400x to 10,000x

    • Which of the following is an essential function of living organisms as they grow and develop?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscope is specifically mentioned for examining larger objects like tissues?

    <p>Dissecting microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability allows living organisms to survive changes in their environment over time?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement best describes the role of microscopes in medicine?

    <p>Microscopes are often used for direct observation of cells and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of living things refers to their ability to harness and use different forms of energy?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes within a cell?

    <p>To remove broken organelles and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps the interior of mitochondria acidic?

    <p>The action of a proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure within mitochondria is known for its folds?

    <p>Cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    <p>To produce ATP from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are macrophages primarily associated with?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the composition of mitochondria?

    <p>Double membrane structure with cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transition does dystrophin undergo in response to increased temperature?

    <p>Transition from ordered to disordered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between fatty acid chain length and Tm (melting point)?

    <p>Longer chains and more saturated fatty acids raise Tm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for anchoring proteins to the membrane surface through a covalent bond?

    <p>Glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids have on fluidity?

    <p>They increase fluidity by preventing close packing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fluidity of membranes as the number of double bonds in fatty acids increases?

    <p>Fluidity increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of cholesterol enables it to interact with phospholipids in the membrane?

    <p>Hydroxyl group and hydrophobic steroid nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscular dystrophy is associated with genetic defects in dystrophin?

    <p>Becker's muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the hydrophobic side chains at temperatures above the melting point, Tm?

    <p>They undergo a phase transition to disordered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amino phospholipids in the cell membrane?

    <p>They constitute the inner or cytoplasmic face of the bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phospholipid is noted for containing a net negative charge?

    <p>Phosphatidylserine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the lysis of the cell membrane?

    <p>The intracellular contents are released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hydrophobic carbon tails within the phospholipid bilayer?

    <p>They stabilize the membrane structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phospholipid is specifically mentioned as being found only in the inner layer?

    <p>Phosphatidylinositol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does phosphatidylserine particularly contribute to in the membrane?

    <p>Membrane potential due to its charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the phospholipid bilayer when it spontaneously closes?

    <p>It forms a sealed compartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key energetic preference of the phospholipid bilayer structure?

    <p>To avoid exposure of the hydrophobic tails to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of N-glycosidic bonds in glycoproteins?

    <p>To allow lateral movement of the proteins in the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner do membrane glycolipids function in cell recognition?

    <p>Through their variable carbohydrate components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased membrane fluidity?

    <p>Enhanced water permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might changes in membrane fluidity affect proteins with hydrophobic segments?

    <p>It may significantly impact their functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins play during cell division?

    <p>It aids in the partitioning between daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycoprotein is primarily involved with the oxygen of serine?

    <p>O-Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cell surface glycolipids potentially interact with pathogens?

    <p>They act as binding sites for viruses and toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the movement of cells through capillaries regarding glycoproteins?

    <p>Their deformation limits movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cell Biology

    • Living things require cellular organization, reproduction, growth and development, energy transformation and utilization, homeostasis, response to environment, and adaptation.
    • Living things evolve over time.
    • Microscopes are essential for medicine; allow us to see cells and pathogens.
    • Electron microscopes magnify 10,000,000x, Light microscopes magnify 1000x, and Dissecting microscopes magnify 100x.

    Cell Structure and Organelles

    • Lysosomes are cellular organelles that remove broken organelles and pathogens

      • They do this by degrading unwanted biomolecules.
      • Their acidic interior is maintained by an H+ pump.
      • Macrophages are a specific type of white blood cell that break down pathogens and toxins.

    • Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP.

      • They contain two membranes: an outer and an inner membrane.
      • The inner membrane has folds called cristae, which increase its surface area.
      • The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the inside of the inner membrane is called the matrix.
      • The ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

    • Endomembrane System is a structure with different shapes that are made of membranes including:

      • Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, and the endoplasmic reticulum
      • The endomembrane system plays a role in making and modifying proteins and lipids.

    Membrane Fluidity

    • Proteins can move and rotate in the membrane

      • The flexibility of the membrane allows the cell to:
        • Divide
        • Deform
        • Fuse with vesicles

    • The membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and the fatty acid composition.

      • High temperatures increase the fluidity of the membrane.
      • Unsaturated fatty acids with cis double bonds reduce the membrane's rigidity.
      • Increased saturation and chain length increase rigidity and decrease fluidity.
      • Cholesterol can increase fluidity in low temperatures and decrease fluidity at high temperatures.

    Membrane Structure

    • The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.
      • The phospholipid bilayer is a spontaneous structure that is stable because the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail structure minimizes the exposure of hydrophobic tails to water, which is energetically unfavorable.
      • The structure of the phospholipid bilayer also allows for a closed compartment to form, which allows for organelle structure.
      • It has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components.
      • Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine are found on the inner side of the bilayer and contribute to the membrane potential.
      • Phosphatidylinositol is found exclusively on the inner side of the bilayer.

    Membrane Proteins

    • Integral Membrane Proteins
      • They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
      • They are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
      • Their function may reside either inside or outside the membrane.
      • If their function is in the hydrophilic region, changes in membrane fluidity have little effect.
      • If their function is in the hydrophobic region, changes in membrane fluidity may have significant effects.
      • Some integral membrane proteins contain attached lipid groups for increased stability.
    • Peripheral Membrane Proteins
      • They only associate with one leaflet of the membrane.
      • They are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
      • They are not embedded in the bilayer but are associated with it.
    • Lipid-Anchored Proteins
      • They are bound to the inner or outer side of the membrane.
      • They are attached to the membrane lipid bilayer with modifications such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors.

    Membrane Carbohydrates

    • Glycoproteins
      • They are carbohydrate-linked proteins.
      • They can have N-glycosidic and O-glycosidic bonds with specific amino acids:
        • N-glycosidic bonds can be attached to the amide nitrogen of an asparagine side chain.
        • O-glycosidic bonds can be attached to the oxygen of a serine or threonine side chain.
      • They can serve as cell recognition markers and limit their movement in the membrane.
    • Glycolipids
      • They are carbohydrate-linked lipids.
      • Their variable carbohydrate make-up can serve as binding sites for viruses, bacterial toxins, and cell recognition markers.
      • They can serve as specific recognition molecules for cell-cell interactions
      • The blood types A, B, and O are determined by the carbohydrate composition of the glycolipids.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Cell Biology Lecture Notes (BIOCHEM LC 2A) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of cell biology, including the characteristics of living organisms, cellular structures, and organelles. This quiz covers essential topics such as lysosomes, mitochondria, and the importance of microscopes in cell studies.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser