Introduction to Cell Biology
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Questions and Answers

What are the two layers that compose the basal lamina?

  • Collagen and elastin
  • Epithelial and connective
  • Lamina lucida and lamina densa (correct)
  • Basal and reticular
  • Which component is primarily responsible for forming the reticular lamina?

  • Glycoproteins
  • Type IV collagen
  • Reticular fibers (correct)
  • Fibroblasts
  • Which function is NOT associated with the basement membrane?

  • Secreting hormones (correct)
  • Anchoring epithelial cells
  • Barrier between epithelial cells and connective tissue
  • Wound healing
  • What type of tissue is characterized by being avascular but innervated?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining characteristic of extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Contains no cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does the basement membrane indicate early stages of cancer?

    <p>Carcinoma in situ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ECM consistency is associated with cartilage?

    <p>Rubbery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of organization in the human body?

    <p>Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue covers the exterior surfaces of the body and lines internal cavities?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue?

    <p>Binds cells and organs of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for contraction and movement when excited?

    <p>Muscular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a cell in a living organism?

    <p>To carry out all processes of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the extracellular matrix (ECM) primarily consist of?

    <p>Proteins and other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>Is characterized by a circular DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different cell types are estimated to exist in the human body?

    <p>Around 200 cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basement membrane?

    <p>Separates epithelial cells from connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about eukaryotic cells is true?

    <p>They contain membrane-bounded organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the interstitial fluid in the context of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>It is a thin layer of fluid containing electrolytes and waste materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the basement membrane is typically visible under a light microscope?

    <p>Basal lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of a prokaryotic cell is the genetic material located?

    <p>In the nucleoid region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do prokaryotic cells primarily use for reproduction?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick is the basal lamina typically when viewed under an electron microscope?

    <p>20-100 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size range of human cells?

    <p>4 to 200 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest total magnification power achievable with a 40x objective lens?

    <p>400x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does resolution power refer to in microscopy?

    <p>The smallest distance between two distinguishable particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

    <p>Light microscopes use glass lenses while electron microscopes use electromagnetic coils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resolving power of a light microscope?

    <p>0.2 micrometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for generating a circular magnetic field in an electron microscope?

    <p>Condenser lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of electromagnetic lenses does the imaging system of an electron microscope utilize?

    <p>Two to three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculated, how many nanometers are there in one micrometer?

    <p>1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the projector lens in an electron microscope?

    <p>To enlarge and project the image into the screen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electron microscopy provides detailed images of internal cell structures?

    <p>Transmission EM (TEM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resolution power of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)?

    <p>0.2 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscope uses two separate beams of light to create three-dimensional images of unstained samples?

    <p>Differential interference contrast microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining agents are commonly used in the preparation of specimens for electron microscopy?

    <p>Lead nitrate and uranyl acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is correct?

    <p>It reflects electron beams from the surfaces of coated specimens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of phase contrast microscopy?

    <p>It enhances the contrast of transparent objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using heavy metal salts in electron microscopy preparation?

    <p>They create a negative staining effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical thickness of ultra-thin sections prepared for electron microscopy?

    <p>0.01 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cell Biology

    • Cell Biology is the study of the structure and function of cells, at the cellular and molecular levels.
    • The cell is the smallest and fundamental unit of a living organism.
    • The human body is made up of various types of cells.
    • Cell size ranges from 4 to 200 microns.
    • Living organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, but only with a microscope.

    Histology

    • Histology is the branch of science focused on the microscopic study of tissues and their organization into organs.
    • Cells form tissues, and tissues create organs.

    Body & Cells

    • The body is comprised of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).

    Cell Classification

    • Cells are broadly classified into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, their genetic material is located in the cytoplasm within an area called the nucleoid. They do not possess membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes share four key elements: a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes.

    Prokaryote Cells

    • Their DNA is circular, known as a genophore, found within the nucleoid region.
    • Prokaryotes reproduce through a process known as binary fission.

    Eukaryote Cells

    • Equivalent lengths:
      • 1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 micrometers (micron)
      • 1 micrometer (um) = 1000 nanometers
      • 1 nanometer (nm) = 10 angstroms

    Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

    • Prokaryotes are simpler cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles.
    • Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission while eukaryotes reproduce through processes like mitosis and meiosis.

    Human Cell Types

    • There are approximately 200 cell types in the human body.
    • Different cell types have unique appearances and perform different functions.

    Tissues

    • The four main types of tissues in the human body are:
      • Epithelial tissue: covers exterior surfaces, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms glands.
      • Connective tissue: binds cells and organs together.
      • Muscular tissue: contracts forcefully when stimulated, enabling movement.
      • Nervous tissue: is excitable, generating and transmitting electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses.

    Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

    • ECM is the non-cellular substance that fills the spaces between cells.
    • It is secreted by cells.
    • Composed of proteins and other molecules, it provides support, structure, and communication pathways for cells and tissues within the body.

    Types of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

    • There are two main forms of ECM:
      • Basement membrane: sheet-like depositions of ECM at the base of epithelial cells and surrounding muscle cells. Contains collagen, laminin, and proteoglycans.
      • Interstitial fluid: a thin layer of fluid surrounding cells, containing water, proteins, electrolytes, acids, hormones, and waste materials.

    Basement membrane

    • It is found underneath epithelial cells and surrounds muscular cells.
    • It is visible with light microscopy.
    • Composed of two layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.

    Basal lamina

    • It is visible with electron microscopy (EM).
    • It measures about 20-100 nm in thickness.
    • Secreted by epithelial cells.
    • Contains two layers: lamina lucida and lamina densa.
    • In diabetes mellitus, basement membranes of small blood vessels, particularly in the retina and kidney, become thickened.

    Components of the Basal Lamina

    • Type IV (4) collagen is a main component of the basal lamina.

    Reticular Lamina

    • It is formed by reticular fibers.
    • Usually thicker than the basal lamina.
    • Secreted by connective tissue cells (fibroblasts).

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Epithelial cells are densely packed together in sheets and tightly connected.
    • Avascular but innervated, receiving nutrition from the underlying connective tissue.
    • Functions of the basement membrane:
      • Anchoring epithelial cells to underlying tissue.
      • Pathway for cell migration.
      • Promoting wound healing.
      • Barrier between epithelial cells and connective tissue.
      • Participating in blood filtration in the kidneys.
      • Involved in the early stages of cancer (carcinoma in situ)

    Cellular Structures

    • Plasma membrane: also known as the cell membrane, surrounds the cell, separates the interior from the exterior, and protects the cell.
    • Basal lamina: thin layer of ECM found beneath epithelial cells.
    • Basement membrane: sheet-like ECM underlying epithelial cells and surrounding muscle cells.
    • Intracellular matrix: the substance filling the inside of the cell, also known as cytoplasm.

    Extracellular Matrix Variations

    • Amount of ECM varies according to tissue type (minimal in epithelium, abundant in connective tissue).
    • Consistency of ECM varies:
      • Jelly-like: connective tissue
      • Rubbery: cartilage
      • Hard: bone
      • Fluid: blood

    ECM Functions

    • Supports cells.
    • Provides nutrition and oxygen.
    • Facilitates communication between cells.
    • Removes waste products.

    Human Body Organization

    • The human body is organized hierarchically:
      • Cells
      • Tissues
      • Organs
      • Systems

    Microscopes

    • Light microscopy: uses visible light to illuminate and magnify specimens.
      • Objective lenses: 5x, 10x, 40x.
      • Total magnification power: Product of ocular lens magnification and objective lens magnification (e.g., 10x * 40x = 400x).

    Microscope Capacity

    • Magnification power: the ability to enlarge objects.
    • Resolution power: the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects as separate entities.
      • Healthy naked eye: 0.2 millimeters
      • Light microscopy: 0.2 micrometers (um)
      • Electron microscopy: 0.2 nanometers (nm)

    Electron Microscope (EM)

    • Provides high resolution images.
    • Uses a beam of electrons as the light source.
    • Image formation based on the interaction of electron beams with the specimen.
    • The beam travels through a vacuum tube.
    • Electromagnetic coils act as lenses.

    EM Components

    • Illuminating system: electron gun and condenser lens.
    • Imaging system: electromagnetic lenses (2-3) and a screen.

    Electron Microscope Images

    • Appear on a screen that emits light when struck by electrons.
    • Images consist of light areas (electron lucent) and dark areas (electron dense).
    • This is due to the passage of electrons through certain areas.

    Sample Preparation

    • Tissues and cells require special preparation:
      • Embedding in resin
      • Cutting into very thin sections (ultra-thin sections: 0.01 microns)
      • Mounting on copper grids

    Staining

    • Sections are stained with salts of heavy metals, such as lead nitrate and uranyl acetate, to create contrast.

    EM Magnification

    • EM can magnify images thousands of times (up to 200,000x).
    • Resolution power: 0.2 nanometers (nm).

    Types of Electron Microscopes

    • Transmission EM (TEM): electron beams pass through the specimen, revealing internal structures.
    • Scanning EM (SEM): electron beams are reflected from the specimen's surface, providing a three-dimensional image.

    Phase Contrast Microscope

    • Creates visible images from transparent objects (unstained).
    • Light speed changes when passing through cellular and extracellular structures, resulting in variations in refractive index.
    • Objects appear lighter or darker depending on their refractive index.
    • Useful for examining living cells and tissue cultures (e.g., blood cells and sperm).

    Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC)

    • An advanced version of phase contrast microscopy for transparent or unstained samples.
    • Creates a three-dimensional appearance.
    • Uses two separate beams of light.

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