Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Questions and Answers

Which elements are contained in carbohydrates?

  • Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
  • Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
  • Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (correct)
  • Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

  • Genetic information storage
  • Long-term energy storage
  • Source of energy (correct)
  • Structural support

A plant cell wall primarily consists of which type of carbohydrate?

  • Starch
  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Chitin
  • Glycogen

Which of the following carbohydrates is a key component in the exoskeleton of arthropods such as shrimp and crabs?

<p>Chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oligosaccharides play in cell communication?

<p>Function as cell receptors that enable cell-to-cell communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes monosaccharides?

<p>They are the simplest form of carbohydrates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following monosaccharides is often administered intravenously in hospitals as a nutrient source?

<p>Glucose (Dextrose) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the monosaccharide commonly found in fruits.

<p>Fructose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is commonly found in milk?

<p>Lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for sucrose?

<p>Table sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is commonly associated with the production of beer?

<p>Maltose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of oligosaccharides in terms of their composition?

<p>Composed of three to hundreds of sugar units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a complex carbohydrate molecule is composed of thousands of monosaccharide units, how is it classified?

<p>Polysaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide serves as the stored form of glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, what is the stored form of glucose called?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

<p>Enzyme production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cellulose in the diet?

<p>Aids in digestion as fiber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cell receptors utilize oligosaccharides?

<p>To identify and communicate with other cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is diagnosed with lactose intolerance, which disaccharide are they unable to digest properly?

<p>Lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For athletes requiring a quick energy source during endurance events, which monosaccharide is most suitable?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the structure of glycogen differ from that of starch?

<p>Glycogen is more highly branched than starch. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes carbohydrates from lipids and proteins?

<p>They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with a general formula of $C_n(H_2O)_n$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cellulose contribute to the structural integrity of plant cell walls, and why is this significant for plants?

<p>Cellulose forms strong, rigid fibers, providing support and shape to plant cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the role of carbohydrates in cell communication, how might disruptions in oligosaccharide structures affect cellular interactions and organismal health?

<p>Disruptions could impair cell recognition, leading to immune dysfunction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new type of fungi is discovered, and researchers want to analyze its cell wall composition, which carbohydrate would they expect to find in abundance?

<p>Chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Carbohydrates?

Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Functions of Carbohydrates?

Energy, structural components in organisms (cellulose in plant walls, chitin in shells), and cell communication.

What is a Monosaccharide?

The building blocks of carbohydrates; simple sugars.

What is Glucose?

Glucose is the main energy source for organisms; also called Dextrose

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What is Galactose?

Galactose is a monosaccharide commonly found in cheese.

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What is Fructose?

Fructose is a monosaccharide commonly found in fruits.

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What are Disaccharides?

Carbohydrates composed of two sugar units linked together.

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What is Lactose?

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk.

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What is Sucrose?

Sucrose is a disaccharide; also known as table sugar.

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What is Maltose?

Maltose is a disaccharide found in beer.

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What are Oligosaccharides?

Carbohydrates made of three to hundreds of sugar units.

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What are Polysaccharides?

Carbohydrates composed of thousands of monosaccharide units.

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What is Glycogen?

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals.

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What is Starch?

Starch is a polysaccharide that stores glucose in plants.

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What is Cellulose?

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls.

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Study Notes

  • Carbohydrates, commonly known as carbs or sugars

Carbohydrates Defined

  • The term "carbohydrates" comes from the words "carbon" and "hydrates"
  • "Carbon" refers to the carbon atoms that are in the molecule
  • "Hydrates" refers to the water elements present, which are hydrogen and oxygen, in the molecule
  • Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Functions of Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates serve as an energy source, and structures of organisms
  • Involved in cell communication as cell receptors
  • Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls
  • Chitin is a structural carbohydrate found in shells and fungi

Monosaccharides

  • Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates, also called a simple sugar
  • Mono means one, and saccharide means sugar
  • Glucose, also known as Dextrose, is the primary energy source for organisms
  • Galactose is found in cheese
  • Fructose is found in fruits

Disaccharides

  • Disaccharides are carbohydrates made of two sugar units and are a form of complex sugar
    • Di mean two
    • Examples are Lactose, Sucrose, and Maltose
      • Lactose is found in milk
      • Sucrose is table sugar
      • Maltose is found in beer

Oligosaccharides

  • Oligosaccharides composed of three to hundreds of sugar units
    • Oligo means few
    • Important structures are present in cell receptors

Polysaccharides

  • Polysaccharides consist of thousands of monosaccharides
    • Poly means many
    • Examples are Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose.
    • Glycogen is stored glucose in animals
    • Starch is stored glucose in plants
    • Cellulose is the major component of plant cell walls

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