Introduction to C Programming

• This document contains study notes about computer language and C programming

Computer Language:

• A computer language or programming language is required to communicate with and interpret instructions for a computer
• Programming languages can be broadly classified into Low Level and High Level Languages

Low Level Language:

• Further divided into Machine level and Assembly level languages
• Machine level language is the only language that a computer understands directly
• Machine level instructions are coded in the form of 0 and 1, making it a binary language
• Writing in machine language is difficult and prone to errors, and requires specific knowledge of machine codes
• Assembly level language was developed to avoid the difficulties of machine language
• Assembly level language uses symbolic codes called mnemonic codes.
• An assembler translates mnemonic codes into machine codes

High Level Language (HLL):

• The development of HLL brought a revolution in the field of computers, making programming easier
• Instructions in HLL resemble ordinary English statements and are easy to understand
• Programmers do not need to remember the memory addresses where data is stored
• HLL requires translators to convert it into machine language
• HLLs are of two types based on their language structures: Character Based Language (CUL) and Graphic Based Language (GUL)
• Character Based Languages use character-based codes for writing programs like BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL
• Graphic Based Languages use graphic codes in addition to character codes for designing programs like VISUAL BASIC, JAVA

Algorithm & Flow Chart

• Solving any problem with a computer requires proper planning and organization
• A clear understanding of input data, the expected output, and the steps to achieve the output are needed
• An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve any problem in written form
• A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm, showing the sequence of operations with specific symbols

Common Flowchart Symbols and Their Activities:

• Oval: Indicates the beginning or end of a flowchart program
• Parallelogram: Represents input/output operations
• Rectangle: Used for processing and assigning values
• Diamond: Represents a decision point for condition checking (Yes/No)
• Flow Lines: Connect the steps of the flowchart, indicating the flow of data
• On-page Connector: Connects one step in the flowchart with another step on the same page
• Off-page Connector: Connects one step in the flowchart with another step on a different page

Decision Making in Flowcharts:

• Achieved using the Diamond symbol, which has one input and two output lines: one for True and another for False

Loop

• In loop the continuation of the flow of control repeats a set of instructions until a condition is false

Microsoft PowerPoint:

• Part of the MS Office suite
• It is a presentation graphics program used to create presentation slides with graphical activities, text, animations, and sound effects

Elements of PowerPoint Package:

• Presentation: A way to describe something to an audience, made on any topic, using slides
• Slide: Similar to a page of a word document; a presentation is made up of slides

Advantages of Power Point:

• Helps to easily create beautiful presentations
• Allows one to add sound, video, and graphics
• Allows one to add animation and sound effects to images and text
• Presentations can be viewed as slide shows, printed on paper, and used as a teaching aid

Getting Started with MS Power Point:

• Using the start button: Click the start button, click all apps, then click PowerPoint
• Using the Search option: Type PowerPoint in the search box on the taskbar, and click PowerPoint from the search results

PowerPoint Window Components:

• Title Bar: Topmost bar of the PowerPoint window; displays program name and active file name
• Quick Access Toolbar: Located above the Ribbon, it provides quick access to common commands like Save, Undo, and Redo
• Ribbon: Designed to help users easily find commands needed to complete a task; contains multiple tabs below the Title bar
• Tabs: Each tab groups related commands, such as the Font group on the Home tab for text formatting
• Dialog Box Launcher: A button in the lower right corner of some groups that opens a dialog box with additional related commands

Hiding and Showing the Ribbon:

• The Ribbon can be hidden to maximize screen space by using the Ribbon Display Options
• Options include Auto-hide Ribbon(full-screen mode), Show Tabs(hides command groups), and Show Tabs and Commands (maximizes Ribbon)

Common Tabs and Their Uses:

• Home Tab: Contains tools for cutting, copying, pasting, formatting font and paragraph, and managing slides
• Insert Tab: Used to add elements such as pictures, shapes, charts, links, text boxes, video and more
• Design Tab: Used to add a theme or color scheme, or to format the slide background
• Transitions Tab: Used to control how slides change from one to the next
• Animations Tab: Used to animate the movement of things on slides
• Slide Show Tab: Used to set up the way you want to show your presentation to others

Using the Tell Me Feature:

• A feature introduced from PowerPoint 2016
• Find any commands that you want by looking up "the tell me" feature on the ribbon
• The Ribbon contains the text "Tell me what you want to do..."

Presentation Views:

• Normal View: The default view for creating and editing slides, allowing to move slides in the slide navigation pane
• Slide Sorter View: Displays thumbnail versions of slides for easy reordering via drag and drop
• Reading View: Fills the PowerPoint window with a preview of the presentation, including navigation buttons and displaying also the PowerPoint title bar
• Slide Show View: Used to start the slide show of the presentation from the current slide

Other ways to view:

• Outline View: Shows the slide text in outline form, allowing for direct editing
• Slide Notes: Notes can be added to slides from the Notes pane for speaker reference
• Zoom In and Out: The zoom control slider can be used to zoom in or out to slides
• The current zoom percentage is displayed when you zoom in or out

Additional parts of Powerpoint:

• The Slide pane in normal mode allows, moving slides by dragging and dropping, duplicating and deleting slides using hot keys, selecting slides to perform basic slide operations
• Slide Area is where you add and edit slide objects
• Task pane allows power point window options when some option in the ribbon tab has been clicked
• Mini toolbar helps edit highlighted text, comprising familiar formatting tools
• Backstage view comes into view when the slides or ribbons stop appearing when clicking file, it comes with various options(manage, see, managing settings)

Create a new Presentation:

• Go to file, open backstage view, click new and create blank presentation
• A new Presentation can be made from a template, by going to file tab, then open the backstage view, then select New and select template, then click create

Slide placeholders:

• Slides are constructed with placeholders. Slides can contain various content that can be found in thumbnails

Components of a Slide:

• Title Place Holder: Lets the user enter the title of a slide
• Text Place Holder: Used to hold any text description to be displayed on a slide
• Object Place Holder: Used to hold graphs and other objects to be displayed on a slide

Saving a presentation:

• Presentation can bve saved going through backstage view selecting save as then browse
• The save quick action can also be used as a quick save

Other operations on slide:

• A slide can be insert clicking on the home Tab then slides, or can be done wit tell me
• A text box can be inserted clicking on the insert tab, and edit by dragging the mouse

Working in Power Point:

• The WordArt is used to work with special text effects, that can be found under the insert tab
• Clip art can be inserted from media files or a Bing search from a insert tab
• A picture or table can be added from the insert tab
• A screenshot can be taken and added from the insert tab, with different image formats
• Transitions are motion effects when slides are changed, and are applied to slides and its timings
• Advance slides can be done manually or with a timed wait
• Animation are a way to add effect to a text, image or shape, with certain styles and variations

The C Language basics

• A general purpose, case sensitive programming language
• The 'C' language is an widely used CUI based high level programming language
• 'C' is a flexible, high level, structured programming language.
• 'C' includes certain Low-Level features only in assemble or machine language
• 'C' is largely machine independent allowing programs to be easily portable.
• 'C' language is designed to be extensible for user libaries

More about C

• To use a C program an IDE is required to be Downloaded
• Each 'C' program has its own function with unique functions

Rules for Writing a C-Program:

• Every 'C' Program needs a main() function, which is where program execution starts
• program execution starts at the opening brace ({) and ends at the corresponding closing brace (})
• Every program statement must end with a semicolon (;)
• All variables used must be declared with their data types before use
• When including header files with <#(hash), #include, note that the '#' must appear in the first column of the line
• Each opening bracket must have an closing brackets
• Comments (either opening or closing) can be placed in lines for developer notes

Details about sections

• A header file (stdio.h) can be included by using" #include"
• "stdio.h (Standard Input Output) is A header file, used to store input and output function, and a mathematical header file (math.) is used for Mathematical function

How can I comment

• Comments help developers to understand the program but does not affect the output code
• Can be written by first "//" , or with a "/* ---*/"

IDE for Beginners

• Start the C Program by downloading the IDE, click start, and click c-free
• Create a new ide and step by the next rule and step to write a program

How to print Hello World

• First: placing header file
• Second: write main() function, the word 'void' , is used when no values are needed to be returned
• Third write statements
• Fourth: close the brace

Details about The Environment to Run a Program

• Compile = checking the result of the program for errors of any code
• The result will be displayed on the lower part of the screen
• Font size can be increased in the tools menu
• Printf() is a function used to display the output "string" to the screen
• This has to be under the header file
• The comment line helps describe the actions of the code
• Void main () - this is the main, has to return a value, and uses the print statement

Writing Statements

• Writing "/" indicates a comment
• Each Header line indicates its own function

Saving File and running file

• After the code is written files can be saved for the future under save as or save
• After finding The folder, the codes will be saved and can be worked

C Language functions

• Used to categorize the data, its form and uses
• Integer - Has 4 datatypes in C (Integer, Character, Float, Double)
• These have specific Keywords that are reserved

Variables

• Variable is A String of Values that are named so to store these values
• It has rules when naming
• First letter of the variable shouldnt be digit or any alphabets
• No Variables as Keywords are allowed
• No blank space in the variable name is allowed

Examples of Variables include

• RATE, rate, _xyz, value etc.
• Int a, Char C, Int a, A is for integer, C is character and Float Salary is a Float Function
• Numeric Constant that have numeric digits that can be classified into two types
• Integer has decimals, and can be real or integer
• Constant characters - used under "" and it has zero or more than 1 character

Constants and Symbols

• Certain symbols have actions to perform. ie New Line, Tab Backspace
• The computer can use these conversions to specify sizes (%c or %d)

Operators

• A symbol or letter acts on an operation, which in turn operates on something called an operand.
• the following include: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Increment and Decrement Operator
• Arithmetic Operator: Used in mathematical Operation (+ - % etc..)
• Relation: Helps to compare the values on operators. (!== etc)
• The "&&, !!, !" logical statements returns '0' for false or '1`' for Truw
• Assignment - Use one vale in variable ie(=) x=26. Assigns 26 to x ++ increment value, - - decrement the value

Examples:

• C can run a string on different displays.

Printing Functions

• Has important use code on the system to create a message
• Getchar() gets the characters in the code, with a return to the function
• can be used to get and read a single code, in keyboard

Function to put and run

• Helps the function to put the values on the device, or write a short character
• these characters or function are generally in the keyboard (gets())