Introduction to C Programming
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Questions and Answers

Who developed the C programming language?

Dennis Ritchie

What was the initial purpose of the C programming language?

Writing system software.

C is a low-level programming language.

False

Which of the following are characteristics of the C programming language? (Select all that apply)

<p>Stable and quick</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of the C programming language?

<p>System programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main blocks that make up a C program?

<p>Main Block</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Documentation Block in a C program?

<p>To provide comments and explanations about the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ways to insert comments in C?

<p>Single-line comments using '//' and multi-line comments using '/* ... */'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Preprocessor Directives Block in a C program?

<p>To provide instructions on how to prepare the program for compilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the #include directive in C?

<p>To incorporate header files into the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Global Declarations Block in a C program?

<p>To declare variables that are accessible throughout the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the main function in a C program?

<p>It's the starting point of execution for the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary types of functions in C?

<p>Library or Built-in functions, and User Defined functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

User-defined functions are declared within the main function.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of files used in a C program? (Select all that apply)

<p>Executable File</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Source Code File in a C program?

<p>It contains the actual source code written by the programmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Header File in a C program?

<p>To store predefined functions and resources used by the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Object File in a C program?

<p>It contains the compiled binary code of the functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Executable File in a C program?

<p>It is the final, runnable program that can be executed on the computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of compiling a C program is done in a single step.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the preprocessor program in C compilation?

<p>To read the source code and produce a text file for further processing by the compiler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the linker in C compilation?

<p>To combine the object file with library routines to create a final executable program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Tokens in C?

<p>The smallest units or building blocks of a C program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered Tokens in C? (Select all that apply)

<p>Special characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are keywords in C?

<p>Reserved words with predefined meanings that cannot be used as identifiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many keywords are there in C?

<p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keywords in C must be written in uppercase letters.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Identifiers in C?

<p>Names given to program elements, such as variables, arrays, functions, and structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifiers in C can start with a number.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules for naming identifiers in C?

<ol> <li>They cannot contain special characters. 2. They cannot be keywords. 3. They are case-sensitive. 4. They must start with a letter or an underscore. 5. They have a maximum length of 31 characters.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are Constants in C?

<p>Identifiers whose values cannot change during program execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you declare a constant in C?

<p>Use the 'const' keyword before the variable declaration and assign it a value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of constants in C? (Select all that apply)

<p>Integer Constants</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you define a constant using the #define preprocessor directive?

<p>Use the syntax <code>#define CONSTANT_NAME value</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constant names in C should be written in lowercase letters.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Escape Sequences in C?

<p>Sequences of characters that represent special characters or actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the escape sequence ?

<p>To insert a new line character into a string.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are commonly used Modifiers in C? (Select all that apply)

<p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the short modifier in C?

<p>To create a smaller version (typically 2 bytes) of a data type, like <code>short int</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the unsigned modifier in C?

<p>To allow a data type to represent only non-negative values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the volatile modifier in C?

<p>To tell the compiler that the value of a variable can change unexpectedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size (in bytes) of the char data type in C?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size (in bytes) of the double data type in C?

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to C

  • C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories.
  • Initially developed for writing system software.
  • Now a popular language used to write various software programs.

Characteristics of C

  • High-level programming language.
  • Relatively easy to learn with only 32 keywords.
  • Extensive use of function calls.
  • Stable and quick language.
  • Core language.
  • Portable (platform-independent).
  • Extensible.

Uses of C

  • Primarily used for system programming.
  • Portability, efficiency, and ability to access specific hardware addresses make it suitable for implementing operating systems and embedded system applications.
  • Low runtime demand on system resources.

Structure of a C Program

  • Documentation Block: Optional block for programmer comments and program description. Uses single-line comments (//) or multi-line comments (/* ... */).
  • Preprocessor Directives Block: Contains special instructions to prepare the program for compilation. The include directive is commonly used to access header files.
  • Global Declarations Block: Declares global variables that are available throughout the entire program. Global variables are declared outside the main function.
  • Main Block (main()): The entry point of every C program. Execution begins here.
  • Function Block: Contains user-defined functions (subprograms) to perform specific tasks.
    • Functions can be built-in/library functions or user-defined functions. User-defined functions are declared outside of main(). Each defined function has a name given to it.
    • Local declarations and statements are found within the curly braces {}.

Your First C Program

  • Example showing a simple C program that displays a welcome message.
  • Includes necessary header files (e.g., stdio.h, conio.h).

Files Used in a C Program

  • Source File: Contains the source code of the program. Has a .c extension.
  • Header File: Contains predefined standard library functions and subroutines. Has a .h extension. Useful when dealing with large projects to store subroutines and have standardized code for various programs.
  • Object File: Contains compiled code (binary) from source code. Generated by the compiler. Has a .o or .obj extension.
  • Executable File: Contains linked code (binary) that can be directly run (executed). Created by a linker from one or more object files. Has a .exe extension (Windows).

Compiling and Executing C Programs

  • Two-step compilation process:
    • Preprocessor reads source files as text and generates an intermediate text file as an output.
    • Linker combines the object file with library routines to create an executable file.

Tokens

  • Tokens are the smallest building blocks of a C program (words and punctuation).
    • Keywords: Reserved words with fixed meanings (e.g., int, float, if).
    • Identifiers: User-defined names for program elements (e.g., variables, functions). Rules for naming identifiers.
    • Constants: Fixed values that don't change (e.g., numbers, characters).
    • Special characters: Punctuation marks with special meanings in C.
    • Operators: Symbols representing operations to be performed (e.g., +, -, *).

Keywords

  • Set of 32 reserved words, typically lowercase.

Identifiers

  • User-defined names for program elements (variables, arrays, functions, structures).
  • Can include lowercase letters, uppercase letters, digits or underscores.
  • Must start with an alphabet or underscore.
  • Cannot include special characters or punctuation marks (except underscore)
  • Case-sensitive (e.g., FIRST is different from first).
  • Should not be longer than 31 characters and cannot be a reserved keyword.

Constants

  • Fixed values that do not change during program execution.
  • Types include integers, floating-point numbers, characters, and strings.
  • Declared using const or via the #define preprocessor directive.

Special Characters

  • Symbols in C programs that have specific meanings.
    • Examples include parentheses, brackets, curly braces, commas, etc.

Data Types

  • Data types are used to specify the type of data a variable can hold. This allows the compiler to allocate appropriate memory space and determine valid operations using that variable.
    • Primitive/basic types like integers, characters and floating point numbers.
  • Modifiers (e.g. signed,unsigned,double,short,long). Modifiers can change the size and meaning of a basic type.

Variables in C

  • Represent memory locations that can store data.
  • Variables can be numeric (integers or floating-point) or character type.
  • Declared using a data type followed by variable name (e.g. int x;).
  • Initialized with a value during declaration (e.g. int x = 5;).
  • Variables are given meaningful names to represent values in programs.

Constants in C

  • Identified constant values written in the program, which can be declared either by using the const keyword or via the preprocessor directive #define. These values do not change during program execution.

Escape Sequence Characters

  • Special sequences of characters in C programs that don't represent their literal meaning when embedded within strings.
    • Useful for representing special characters (e.g., newline, tab).

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This quiz covers the basics of the C programming language, including its history, characteristics, and uses. Participants will explore the structure of a C program, including key components and best practices. Perfect for beginners looking to understand the fundamentals of C.

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