Introduction to Bridge Engineering Part 2

Australian Standard AS5100:2017, a code used to design bridges in Australia

Loads on a bridge that are constantly present and don't change over time, including dead loads, imposed loads, earth pressure, creep, shrinkage and forces from bearings.

Loads on a bridge that vary or move over time; like traffic, pedestrian, water flow, thermal, seismic, collision, or wind.

The weight of the bridge itself and all fixed elements like beams or bracing.

Loads from things on top of the bridge deck, like vehicles, trains, or people; (traffic, rail, pedestrian).

A design load representing the weight of vehicles in motion, used in bridge design calculations.

Design load representing the weight of stationary or parked vehicles on a bridge.

A specified heavy load design to be considered in the bridge's load-bearing capacity, if required by approval.

A standardized design load representing the weight carried by a single wheel of a vehicle.

The maximum load a bridge must withstand from vehicles.

Determined loads to ensure bridge safety under different conditions.

Dead loads from surface materials, utilities, and structural & non-structural overlays.

Specific standardized vehicle configurations used for design.

Loads considered due to potential vehicle collisions with the bridge.

Highest load a bridge experiences when a vehicle moves across it.

A declaration that the design adheres to the base set of minimum requirements for load bearing design.

Loads acting sideways on a structure, caused by wind. Engineers use different return periods (how often the wind speed is expected) for different safety levels of the structure.

Earthquake forces act in horizontal and vertical directions on a structure and are influenced by the type of soil beneath it. This can affect the design of the structure.

Concrete structures must be designed to last a long time. This means considering the environment (exposure classifications like A,B1...) and choosing materials that are resistant to the conditions.

Structures must be designed to withstand fires, considering different types of fires (like hydrocarbon or cellulosic fires) to prevent damage and ensure safe evacuation routes.

Loads imposed by the construction process itself, such as equipment, materials, or workers, need consideration in the design of the structure.

States of failure that a bridge must be able to withstand, categorized as Service Limit State (SLS) and Ultimate Limit State (ULS).

Conditions where the bridge should remain functional and safe for regular use, considering deflection, vibration, and overall usability.

Conditions where the bridge must withstand the maximum possible load without collapsing, considering strength and worst-case scenarios.

Forces applied to the bridge that change over time, such as moving vehicles, which account for the impact of weight and movement.

A standard load representing a heavy vehicle in bridge design, used to simulate traffic loads.

Calculating forces and stresses acting on a bridge when loads are applied at fixed positions, considering the bridge's structure and materials.

Examining the distribution of internal forces within the bridge's structure, determining the strength and potential failure points.

A criteria used to determine the maximum stress a material can withstand before it fails, commonly employed in bridge design.

The Verrazano Narrows Bridge has two towers that are 210 meters tall. Due to the Earth's curvature, the towers are 41 millimeters further apart at the top than at the base.

The Verrazano Narrows Bridge is designed to accommodate various modes of transportation, including cars, pedestrians, and cyclists.

The Verrazano Narrows Bridge is a busy thoroughfare, with an average of 170,000 people using it daily.

The Golden Gate Bridge is a six-lane suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate Channel, connecting San Francisco to Marin County.

The Golden Gate Bridge faced controversy before its construction, with the final decision to build approved in 1930; it officially opened in 1937.

The Golden Gate Bridge held the title of the longest suspension bridge with a main span for 27 years.

The Golden Gate Bridge's 2,332-meter-long cables are the longest bridge cables ever made, formed by an innovative process of binding together thinner wires into one large cable.

The Golden Gate Bridge crosses a 1.6-kilometer-wide channel known for strong winds and is situated near the San Andreas Fault, a major earthquake zone.