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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body?
What is the name of the organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body?
Respiratory system
Which of the following are major functions of the respiratory system? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are major functions of the respiratory system? (Select all that apply)
- Blood and lymph flow (correct)
- Vocalisation (correct)
- Eliminate carbon dioxide (correct)
- Homeostatic regulation of body pH (correct)
- Heat and Water loss (correct)
- Filters inhaled pathogens and irritating substances (correct)
- Sense of smell (correct)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents (correct)
- Supply body with oxygen (correct)
- Blood pressure regulation (correct)
- Platelet production (correct)
The respiratory system is responsible for the production of red blood cells.
The respiratory system is responsible for the production of red blood cells.
False (B)
What is the name of the tiny, thin-walled air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place?
What is the name of the tiny, thin-walled air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place?
Which part of the respiratory tract is responsible for sound production?
Which part of the respiratory tract is responsible for sound production?
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
What is the name given to the branching system of tubes that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli?
What is the name given to the branching system of tubes that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli?
Bronchioles are supported by cartilage rings.
Bronchioles are supported by cartilage rings.
What is the name of the fluid that helps to keep the lungs inflated?
What is the name of the fluid that helps to keep the lungs inflated?
Which two major muscles are responsible for breathing in and out?
Which two major muscles are responsible for breathing in and out?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
The smooth muscle in the bronchi can actively increase the volume of the lungs.
The smooth muscle in the bronchi can actively increase the volume of the lungs.
Which type of receptors are responsible for sensing changes in the chemical composition of the blood, primarily affecting breathing rate?
Which type of receptors are responsible for sensing changes in the chemical composition of the blood, primarily affecting breathing rate?
An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood would lead to a decrease in breathing rate.
An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood would lead to a decrease in breathing rate.
What is the name of the group of neurons in the brainstem that is considered the primary generator of the rhythmic breathing pattern?
What is the name of the group of neurons in the brainstem that is considered the primary generator of the rhythmic breathing pattern?
The dorsal respiratory group modifies the basic rhythm of breathing, receiving input from various sources.
The dorsal respiratory group modifies the basic rhythm of breathing, receiving input from various sources.
Which of the following are responsible for modifying the basic rhythm of breathing (select all that apply)?
Which of the following are responsible for modifying the basic rhythm of breathing (select all that apply)?
The pontine respiratory group (PRG) can hasten or delay the transition between expiration and inspiration.
The pontine respiratory group (PRG) can hasten or delay the transition between expiration and inspiration.
What is the name of the law that explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas in a closed system at constant temperature?
What is the name of the law that explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas in a closed system at constant temperature?
Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.
Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.
What is the name of the law that explains the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases?
What is the name of the law that explains the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases?
Henry's Law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the liquid.
Henry's Law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the liquid.
What is the major limitation to the compliance of the lungs?
What is the major limitation to the compliance of the lungs?
What substance is produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse?
What substance is produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse?
Surfactant helps to prevent the spread of pathogens in the lungs.
Surfactant helps to prevent the spread of pathogens in the lungs.
What condition occurs when air flows into the pleural cavity, disrupting the balance of pressure and causing the lung to collapse?
What condition occurs when air flows into the pleural cavity, disrupting the balance of pressure and causing the lung to collapse?
Flashcards
External Respiration
External Respiration
The process by which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled.
Ventilation
Ventilation
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
The process of moving gases between the alveoli and the blood.
Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
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Visceral Pleura
Visceral Pleura
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Parietal Pleura
Parietal Pleura
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Intrapleural Pressure
Intrapleural Pressure
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
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Diaphragm
Diaphragm
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Intercostal Muscles
Intercostal Muscles
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Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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Central Chemoreceptors
Central Chemoreceptors
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
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Respiratory Centre
Respiratory Centre
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Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
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Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
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Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
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Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law
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Charles' Law
Charles' Law
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Dalton's Law
Dalton's Law
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Henry's Law
Henry's Law
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Pressure Gradient
Pressure Gradient
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Airway Resistance
Airway Resistance
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Compliance
Compliance
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Squamous Type I Cells
Squamous Type I Cells
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Cuboidal Type II Cells
Cuboidal Type II Cells
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Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages
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Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
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Study Notes
Introduction to Breathing Mechanics
- The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for rhythmically taking air in and expelling it from the body.
- It supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
- Breathing is critical for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood.
- The system plays a role in maintaining homeostasis, filtering pathogens, and producing sounds. It's also crucial in smell, blood pressure control, platelet production, and expulsion of abdominal contents.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system has two major zones
- Conducting System: Airways, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
- Respiratory Zone: Alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
- The different zones support the movement of air to, from, and within the lungs for gas exchange.
- Alveoli have a crucial structure for efficient gas exchange, they are thin-walled air sacs surrounded by capillary networks.
- The shape, structure and composition of the different organs enable effective air flow, filtration and other processes.
External Respiration
- Exchange of gases begins when air enters the lungs
- Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs. This happens in the alveoli.
- The respiratory system and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
- The process of gases moving between the lungs and the bloodstream, and between the bloodstream and the body's cells is efficient due to the design and structure of the organs in the respiratory system
Cellular Respiration
- Inside the cells (at the cellular level), oxygen (O2) reacts with glucose, producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and ATP (energy) for vital bodily functions.
- This critical process uses oxygen to sustain cell respiration.
Ventilation Mechanics
- The diaphragm and intercostal muscles work to expand and contract the thoracic cavity, altering pressure and causing air to flow in and out of the lungs during breathing.
- The pressure gradient, between atmospheric pressure and the pressure within the lungs, drives airflow into and out of the lungs. Breathing in and out depends on expanding and contracting the lungs using this mechanic.
Neural Control of Breathing
- The rate and depth of breathing are controlled by the respiratory centers in the brain
- Chemical sensors (chemoreceptors) in the blood detect changes in levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH and send signals to these centres.
- The three main groups of neurons in the respiratory center - Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG), Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG), and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) - modify or adjust the basic rate of breathing. This system adapts to various physiological needs and activities, such as sleeping, crying, or emotional states.
Gas Laws Relevance to Physiology
- Boyle's law: Inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas (e.g., diaphragm's movement changes lung volume, altering pressure for inhalation/exhalation)
- Charles' law: Direct relationship between volume and temperature of a gas. Temperature variations can impact lung function.
- Dalton's law: Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases. Helps understand the proportion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled air or in the blood.
- Henry's law: Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. This is critical for gas exchange across the respiratory membrane.
Factors Affecting Air Flow
- Air flow follows the principles of pressure, resistance, and flow (ΔP/R), where resistance is determined by factors such as the bronchiole diameter (related to smooth muscle control) and pulmonary compliance
- Pulmonary compliance (elasticity and expansion of the lungs) influences the system's ability to change volume and accommodate breathing
Surface Tension and Surfactant
- Water's surface tension can impede the expansion and contraction of the alveoli.
- Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation. This is critical for efficient gas exchange.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of breathing mechanics, focusing on the respiratory system's organ functions and anatomy. Learn about the conducting and respiratory zones, and the critical role of alveoli in gas exchange. Assess your understanding of how the respiratory system maintains homeostasis and facilitates vital functions.
