biopharmaceutics

<p>They are involved in the active transport of drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through aqueous channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation from a formulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis and exocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences the frequency of drug dosing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding of the drug to plasma proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>87.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exponential decay of drug concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is directly proportional to concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can have similar or different properties compared to the parent molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration decreases exponentially over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it has a short half-life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug's lipid solubility and blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of drug reaching systemic circulation relative to the administered dose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous administration provides immediate plasma concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ionization state of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dose = Volume x Concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Areas with higher blood flow receive more drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of the drug remains constant over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration above which toxic effects occur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum concentration of a drug in plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic window (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate of systemic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using AUC, Cmax, and tmax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marks peak plasma concentration time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug elimination exceeds absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80 - 120% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases bioavailability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impact of the drug's physiochemical properties on absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aqueous or lipid solubility and binding to proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic core (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs along a concentration gradient without a carrier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters drugs to more polar forms to aid elimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The examination of how drugs interact with biological systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is largely lipid soluble or tissue-bound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It typically changes from more lipophilic to more hydrophilic forms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly protein-bound drugs with low lipid solubility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly through hair follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolites can be either active or inactive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of how a drug's properties, dosage form, and administration route affect its absorption and distribution in the body.

The study of how a drug's concentration changes over time within the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

The study of how drugs interact with the body at a molecular level and produce their effects.

The movement of a drug from its administration site into the bloodstream.

The process by which a drug travels from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs in the body.

The breakdown of a drug into inactive metabolites by enzymes in the liver.

The removal of a drug and its metabolites from the body, primarily through urine.

The movement of a drug across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half.

Drugs with a short half-life need to be administered more frequently because they are quickly eliminated from the body.

Drugs with a long half-life can be administered less frequently because they stay in the body for a longer time.

The rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body is proportional to its concentration.

The relationship between drug concentration and time can be represented by an exponential decay curve.

The half-life of a drug can be calculated using the slope of a graph that plots the natural log of drug concentration against time.

The rate constant (k) of drug elimination can be determined from the slope of a graph that plots the natural log of drug concentration against time.

After five half-lives, over 95% of a drug is eliminated from the body.

The volume of distribution (Vd) is a theoretical volume that represents the total amount of drug in the body at a given time, divided by the drug concentration in plasma.

If a drug is very water-soluble or protein-bound, it will be concentrated in the plasma, resulting in a lower volume of distribution.

If a drug is lipid-soluble or readily binds to tissues, it will be distributed throughout the body, resulting in a higher volume of distribution.

Metabolism is the process of biotransformation, where a drug undergoes chemical changes in the body.

Metabolism often involves a series of steps that make the drug more hydrophilic (water-loving) and easier to eliminate.

A measure of how much drug reaches the bloodstream after administration.

The process of removing a drug from the body.

The area under the curve of a drug concentration vs. time graph, which represents the total amount of drug that has entered the bloodstream.

The maximum concentration of a drug in the bloodstream after administration.

The kidney filters the blood, removing waste products and drugs.

The liver transforms drugs into more water-soluble forms that are easier to excrete by the kidney.

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum concentration in the bloodstream.

The minimum concentration of a drug required for a desired pharmacological effect.

The maximum safe concentration of a drug in the bloodstream, above which toxic effects may occur.

The range of drug concentrations that produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing toxicity.

The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream.

The process by which a drug is eliminated from the body.

Comparing two dosage forms of the same drug to see if they have similar absorption profiles.

Describes how easily a drug moves between watery (aqueous) and fatty (lipid) environments. A higher partition coefficient means the drug moves more easily into lipids.

How well a drug can move across a cell membrane. It depends on the drug's chemical properties and the membrane's structure.

The tendency of a drug to become charged. Ionized drugs have difficulty crossing cell membranes.

This equation helps calculate how much of a drug is ionized (charged) at a specific pH.

A type of passive diffusion where a drug moves across a membrane with the help of a carrier protein. This process has a limit, meaning it can get saturated.

Movement of drugs against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and a carrier protein.

A process of membrane transport where large molecules or substances are engulfed by the cell. An important way for large molecules to enter cells.

A steady state is reached when the rate of drug administration equals the rate of drug elimination. This means that the amount of drug in the body remains relatively constant over time.

The fraction of an administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form.

Protein binding is important because it influences the distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. Drugs bound to proteins are inactive and cannot exert their therapeutic effects.

The volume of distribution (Vd) is a theoretical volume that represents the space in the body where a drug is distributed. It helps determine the initial dose needed for achieving the desired plasma concentration.

Intravenous (IV) administration delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the first-pass metabolism in the liver. This results in rapid onset of action and 100% bioavailability.

Oral administration involves taking the drug by mouth. This allows for self-administration but the drug must go through the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism.

Factors affecting drug distribution include: 1. Aqueous or lipid solubility: Drugs must be able to cross cell membranes to reach their target sites. 2. Blood flow: Organs with high blood flow receive more drug. 3. Protein binding: Drugs can bind to proteins in the blood, reducing their availability to tissues.