Introduction to Biomolecules

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Questions and Answers

What are biomolecules?

Molecules that are essential to life and are found in living organisms.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four classifications of biomolecules?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Minerals (correct)
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids

Which of the following elements are found in biomolecules?

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • All of the above (correct)

What is a monomer?

<p>A small type of molecule, a single unit which is the basic structure of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates are comprised of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides and polysaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements comprise proteins?

<p>Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins polymers of?

<p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are the major source of immediate energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements are lipids composed of?

<p>Primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with some containing phosphorus and sulfur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids dissolve easily in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements are nucleic acids composed of?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main classes of nucleic acids?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monomer of carbohydrates is ___________.

<p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monomer of proteins is ___________.

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monomer of nucleic acids is ___________.

<p>nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The building block of lipids is ___________.

<p>fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the biomolecule with its building block:

<p>Carbohydrates = Sugar Lipids = Fatty Acids Proteins = Amino Acids Nucleic Acid = Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the biomolecule with its function:

<p>Carbohydrates = Provide immediate and stored energy Lipids = Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cellular structure Proteins = Structural support, enzymatic activity, transport, and signaling Nucleic Acid = Store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biomolecules

Molecules essential to life, found in living organisms, involved in biological processes and functions such as providing structure, catalyzing reactions, storing and transmitting genetic information, and energy sources.

Common Elements in Biomolecules

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur are the 6 most common elements found in all biomolecules.

Monomer

A small molecule, a single unit that is the basic building block of molecules.

Polymer

A large molecule made of repeating monomers, formed through polymerization. Also called macromolecules.

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Carbohydrates

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, commonly known as sugars.

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Monosaccharides

Single unit or monomer carbohydrates, such as Glucose, Fructose and Galactose.

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Polysaccharides

Large unit or polymer carbohydrates, such as Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose.

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Proteins

Molecules composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur. Polymers of amino acids arranged in polypeptide chains.

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Amino Acids

The building block (monomer) of proteins.

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Enzymes

Class of proteins that increase of rate of chemical reactions in the body

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Lipids

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur (sometimes nitrogen). They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroid hormones.

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Nucleic Acids

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The two main classes are DNA and RNA.

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Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids

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Four Classes of Biomolecules

The four major classes are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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Classes of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

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Study Notes

  • Biomolecules are essential molecules found in living organisms
  • They participate in various biological processes and functions
  • They provide structure, catalyze reactions, store and transmit genetic information, and act as energy sources

Four classifications of biomolecules:

  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins

Common elements in biomolecules:

  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Sulfur (S)
  • Phosphorus (P)

Monomers and Polymers

  • Monomers are small, single-unit molecules that make up the basic structure of molecules
  • Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating monomers, formed through polymerization and also called macromolecules

Carbohydrates

  • These molecules consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
  • Commonly known as sugars, they provide an excellent source of energy for cells
  • Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (single unit/monomer) or polysaccharides (large unit/polymer)
  • They provide energy and regulate blood glucose levels

Monosaccharides

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

Disaccharides

  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose

Polysaccharides

  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose

Proteins

  • Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur
  • Polymers of amino acids arranged in a chain called a polypeptide
  • Proteins produce enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in the body
  • They're a a major source of energy

Lipids

  • Primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and sometimes nitrogen
  • Encompass a wide range of biomolecules like fats, oils, waxes, and steroid hormones
  • They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
  • Fats provide stored energy, while oils and waxes form protective layers on our skin, preventing infection

Nucleic Acids

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen
  • The two main classes are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Nucleotides compose the monomers and nucleic acid compose polymers
  • Responsible for genetic information

Building Blocks and Functions of Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates building block is sugar and the function in a biological system is to to provide immediate and stored energy
  • Lipids building block is fatty acids and the function in a biological system is for long-term energy storage, insulation, and cellular structure
  • Proteins building block is amino acids and the function in a biological system is to provide structural support, enzymatic activity, transport, and signaling
  • Nucleic acid building block is nucleotides and the function in a biological system is to genetic information

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