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Questions and Answers
What is the average lifespan of individuals with cystic fibrosis?
What is the average lifespan of individuals with cystic fibrosis?
What did Dorothy Anderson determine about cystic fibrosis in 1945?
What did Dorothy Anderson determine about cystic fibrosis in 1945?
Which discovery-based science achievement is credited to researchers in 1989?
Which discovery-based science achievement is credited to researchers in 1989?
What was the initial hypothesis regarding the function of the CF gene?
What was the initial hypothesis regarding the function of the CF gene?
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What outcome did experiments reveal about chloride transport in CF patients' cells?
What outcome did experiments reveal about chloride transport in CF patients' cells?
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What is the main focus of biology?
What is the main focus of biology?
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Which of the following is a benefit of studying biology?
Which of the following is a benefit of studying biology?
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What does neuroparasitology study?
What does neuroparasitology study?
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What does the equation 'Biology + Chemistry + Physics = Science' imply?
What does the equation 'Biology + Chemistry + Physics = Science' imply?
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Which of the following is NOT a core concept of biology?
Which of the following is NOT a core concept of biology?
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What skills are emphasized as core skills of biology?
What skills are emphasized as core skills of biology?
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Which of the following activities do biologists engage in?
Which of the following activities do biologists engage in?
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Which statement best describes biological evolution?
Which statement best describes biological evolution?
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What is the primary focus of systems biology?
What is the primary focus of systems biology?
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Which branch of biology primarily focuses on the study of ecosystems?
Which branch of biology primarily focuses on the study of ecosystems?
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How does the scientific method contribute to biological investigations?
How does the scientific method contribute to biological investigations?
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Which of the following statements is true about molecular biology?
Which of the following statements is true about molecular biology?
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What role do new tools play in biological research?
What role do new tools play in biological research?
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In biological investigations, what levels does anatomy and physiology focus on?
In biological investigations, what levels does anatomy and physiology focus on?
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What is the first step of the Scientific Method?
What is the first step of the Scientific Method?
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Which level of biological investigation examines cellular structures?
Which level of biological investigation examines cellular structures?
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What defines the control group in an experiment?
What defines the control group in an experiment?
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What is the main purpose of genomic and proteome analysis in biology?
What is the main purpose of genomic and proteome analysis in biology?
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What is the purpose of statistical analysis in the Scientific Method?
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in the Scientific Method?
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How is a hypothesis treated if the experimental and control data are not significantly different?
How is a hypothesis treated if the experimental and control data are not significantly different?
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What is the ultimate goal of the experiments conducted in the Scientific Method?
What is the ultimate goal of the experiments conducted in the Scientific Method?
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Which of the following is true about data collection in the Scientific Method?
Which of the following is true about data collection in the Scientific Method?
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In the provided example, what caused the leaves of the maple trees to fall according to the hypothesis?
In the provided example, what caused the leaves of the maple trees to fall according to the hypothesis?
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What characterizes the experimental group in an experiment?
What characterizes the experimental group in an experiment?
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What do all forms of life share according to evolutionary principles?
What do all forms of life share according to evolutionary principles?
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Which statement best defines vertical descent with mutation?
Which statement best defines vertical descent with mutation?
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What role does natural selection play in evolutionary change?
What role does natural selection play in evolutionary change?
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What is horizontal gene transfer?
What is horizontal gene transfer?
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Which of the following best describes the genome of an organism?
Which of the following best describes the genome of an organism?
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Which concept explains the diversity of life in different environments?
Which concept explains the diversity of life in different environments?
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Which evolutionary mechanism is characterized by modifications of pre-existing characteristics?
Which evolutionary mechanism is characterized by modifications of pre-existing characteristics?
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How does proteomics differ from genomics?
How does proteomics differ from genomics?
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What is a key function of the proteome?
What is a key function of the proteome?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between evolution, structure, and function in organisms?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between evolution, structure, and function in organisms?
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What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
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Which statement accurately describes a theory?
Which statement accurately describes a theory?
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What is the primary goal of discovery-based science?
What is the primary goal of discovery-based science?
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What characterizes a hypothesis as being testable?
What characterizes a hypothesis as being testable?
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What approach involves making initial observations about natural phenomena?
What approach involves making initial observations about natural phenomena?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of a scientific theory?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of a scientific theory?
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In which stage of scientific process is curiosity most significant?
In which stage of scientific process is curiosity most significant?
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What is a significant outcome of discovery-based science?
What is a significant outcome of discovery-based science?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biology
- Biology is the science of life
- Focuses on the origins and history of life, as well as living things
- Explores the structures of living things
- Examines how living things interact with each other
- Studies how living things function
Biology as a Unified Science
- Biology is intertwined with chemistry and physics
- These fields together form a unified scientific discipline
What Biologists Do
- Study the diversity of life
- Research diseases
- Develop technologies
- Improve agriculture
- Preserve the environment
Levels of Biological Organization
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
Core Concepts of Biology
- Evolution
- Structure and function
- Information flow, exchange, and storage
- Pathways and transformations of energy and matter
- Systems
Biological Evolution
- Unity: All life shares common characteristics and a shared evolutionary history
- Diversity: Life demonstrates a wide variety of forms in diverse environments
Evolutionary History
- Primitive cells existed 3.5 to 4 billion years ago
- Evolutionary changes have led to the species seen today
- Evolutionary history helps understand organism structure and function
Evolutionary History (continued)
- Evolutionary changes modify pre-existing characteristics
- Structures can adapt to serve new purposes. (Example: Walking limbs changed into dolphin's flipper)
Two Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
- Vertical descent with mutation: New species evolve from old ones through the accumulation of mutations; natural selection favors beneficial mutations.
- Horizontal gene transfer: Genetic exchange between species; relatively infrequent, but important, especially for antibiotic resistance gene spread.
Genomes and Proteomes
- Genome: Complete genetic makeup of an organism
- Genomics: Techniques to analyze DNA sequences and compare genomes of different species
- Proteome: Complete complement of proteins in an organism
- Proteomics: Techniques to analyze proteins of a species and compare proteomes of different species
- The genome provides instructions to create the proteome
- Genomic and proteome analysis illuminate evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
Biology as a Scientific Discipline
- Science involves observing, identifying, and explaining natural phenomena using experiments and theories
- The scientific method tests these theories.
Biologists investigate life different levels
- Using a variety of tools (e.g., ecology, anatomy, physiology, molecular biology)
- New tools let scientists ask different questions
Two General Approaches to Biologcal Investigation
- Discover-Based Science: Collecting and analyzing data without prior hypotheses; often leads to new hypotheses
- ** Hypothesis-Testing**: Using the scientific method to test hypotheses about the natural world
Hypothesis vs Theory
- Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon. Must be testable and make predictions.
- Theory: A broad explanation for a natural phenomenon supported by significant evidence.
Example: Cystic Fibrosis
-
Affects 1 in 3,500 Americans.
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Linked to abnormally thick mucus in lungs & pancreas
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Average lifespan is in the mid- to late 30s
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Cystic fibrosis, determined in 1945 as a genetic disorder, was further understood with specific gene identification in 1989
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Findings resulted from discovery-based science, rather than hypothesis driven testing.
Hypothesis for the function of the CF Gene
- The CF gene encodes a protein to transport chlorine across cell membranes
- Cell experiments show CF cells are defective in this transport.
- Introducing normal CF genes corrected the cell membrane defect.
- This supports the chloride transport hypothesis
Biology as a Social Discipline
- Scientists collaborate in labs, with other labs, and at conferences.
- Debate and discussion are important aspects of science.
- An on-going process of questions
Core Skills of Biology
- Ability to apply the process of science
- Ability to use quantitative reasoning
- Ability to use models and simulations
- Ability to understand the nature of science, its interdisciplinary aspects, as well as its relationship with society
- Ability to communicate and collaborate across disciplines
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biology, exploring everything from the origins and history of life to the interaction of living things within ecosystems. It also discusses the interconnection of biology with chemistry and physics, highlighting the diverse roles biologists play in studying and preserving life. Test your understanding of biological organization and core biological principles.
