Introduction to Biology

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Questions and Answers

If cellular respiration were to be completely inhibited within a cell, which of the following processes would be most immediately affected?

The replication of DNA during cell division
The synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
The transport of molecules across the cell membrane
The production of ATP to power cellular activities (correct)

The law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes always assort together during gamete formation if situated on the same chromosome.

False (B)

Describe how the central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system. What are the key steps and molecules involved?

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. First, DNA is transcribed into RNA, particularly mRNA. Then, mRNA is translated into protein, which carries out various functions in the cell.

In eukaryotic cells, the process of ______ involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template and occurs in the nucleus.

transcription Signup and view all the answers

Match each evolutionary mechanism with its primary effect on genetic variation within a population:

Mutation = Introduces new alleles, increasing genetic variation. Gene flow = Transfers alleles between populations, homogenizing genetic variation. Genetic drift = Randomly removes alleles, reducing genetic variation. Natural selection = Favors certain alleles, potentially reducing genetic variation for non-adaptive traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations would be most beneficial for plants living in a hot, arid environment?

Thick cuticles on leaves to reduce water loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in processing and packaging proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. What are the main steps involved?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or secretion. Proteins from the ER enter the Golgi, are modified (e.g., glycosylation), sorted based on their destination, and packaged into vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen, is known as ______.

photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Match each phase of the cell cycle with its primary activity:

G1 phase = Cell growth and normal metabolic functions S phase = DNA replication G2 phase = Preparation for cell division Mitosis = Nuclear division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the role of tRNA in translation?

To transport amino acids to the ribosome and match them to the correct codon (C) Signup and view all the answers

All mutations are harmful and lead to a decrease in an organism's fitness.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of allopatric speciation and describe the conditions under which it is most likely to occur.

Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is divided by a geographic barrier, preventing gene flow between the groups. Over time, the isolated populations diverge genetically, leading to the formation of new species. This is more likely in large, geographically diverse areas. Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme responsible for unwinding and separating the DNA strands during replication is called ______.

helicase Signup and view all the answers

Match each component of an ecosystem with its primary role:

Producers = Convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis Consumers = Obtain energy by feeding on other organisms Decomposers = Break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients Abiotic factors = Non-living components, such as sunlight, water, and minerals, that support life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of lysosomes within a cell?

Breaking down cellular waste and debris (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Mendelian genetics, a recessive allele is expressed in the phenotype only when one copy of it is present in the genotype.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, with specific reference to their structural components and complexity.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and various organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex in structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying DNA, which occurs during cell division and results in two identical DNA molecules, is called ______.

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of RNA with its primary function in gene expression:

mRNA = Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. tRNA = Transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation. rRNA = Forms part of the ribosome structure and catalyzes protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Biology?

The scientific study of life, exploring structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms.

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells.