Introduction to Biology and Geology

Study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment
Branches:
- Botany: study of plants
- Zoology: study of animals
- Microbiology: study of microorganisms
- Ecology: study of relationships between organisms and their environment
Key concepts:
- Cells: basic units of life
- DNA: genetic material
- Evolution: change in species over time
- Ecosystems: communities of living and non-living components

Study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes
Branches:
- Petrology: study of rocks
- Mineralogy: study of minerals
- Geophysics: study of Earth's internal and external physical processes
- Paleontology: study of fossils and ancient life
Key concepts:
- Plate tectonics: movement of Earth's crust
- Rock cycle: formation and transformation of rocks
- Weathering and erosion: breakdown and transport of rocks and soil

Study of the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere
Branches:
- Astrophysics: study of physical properties of celestial objects
- Planetary science: study of planets and their moons
- Cosmology: study of the origin and evolution of the universe
Key concepts:
- Stars: massive balls of hot, glowing gas
- Galaxies: massive collections of stars and other celestial objects
- Planets: large celestial bodies orbiting stars
- Black holes: regions of intense gravity

Study of the properties, composition, and reactions of matter
Branches:
- Organic chemistry: study of carbon-containing compounds
- Inorganic chemistry: study of non-carbon-containing compounds
- Physical chemistry: study of chemical reactions and processes
- Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
Key concepts:
- Atoms: building blocks of matter
- Molecules: groups of atoms bonded together
- Chemical reactions: transformations of substances
- Periodic table: organized table of elements

Study of the natural world around us
Branches:
- Mechanics: study of motion and forces
- Thermodynamics: study of heat and energy
- Electromagnetism: study of electricity and magnetism
- Quantum mechanics: study of behavior at the atomic and subatomic level
Key concepts:
- Energy: ability to do work
- Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
- Space: three-dimensional expanse that makes up the universe
- Time: measurement of duration and sequence of events

Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment
It has several branches, including:
- Botany, which studies plants
- Zoology, which studies animals
- Microbiology, which studies microorganisms
- Ecology, which studies the relationships between organisms and their environment
Key biological concepts include:
- Cells, which are the basic units of life
- DNA, which is the genetic material that contains the instructions for an organism's development and function
- Evolution, which is the change in species over time
- Ecosystems, which are communities of living and non-living components that interact with each other

Geology is the study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes
It has several branches, including:
- Petrology, which studies rocks
- Mineralogy, which studies minerals
- Geophysics, which studies the Earth's internal and external physical processes
- Paleontology, which studies fossils and ancient life
Key geological concepts include:
- Plate tectonics, which is the movement of the Earth's crust
- The rock cycle, which is the formation and transformation of rocks
- Weathering and erosion, which are the breakdown and transport of rocks and soil

Astronomy is the study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere
It has several branches, including:
- Astrophysics, which studies the physical properties of celestial objects
- Planetary science, which studies planets and their moons
- Cosmology, which studies the origin and evolution of the universe
Key astronomical concepts include:
- Stars, which are massive balls of hot, glowing gas
- Galaxies, which are massive collections of stars and other celestial objects
- Planets, which are large celestial bodies that orbit stars
- Black holes, which are regions of intense gravity

Chemistry is the study of the properties, composition, and reactions of matter
It has several branches, including:
- Organic chemistry, which studies carbon-containing compounds
- Inorganic chemistry, which studies non-carbon-containing compounds
- Physical chemistry, which studies chemical reactions and processes
- Biochemistry, which studies the chemical processes that occur in living organisms
Key chemical concepts include:
- Atoms, which are the building blocks of matter
- Molecules, which are groups of atoms bonded together
- Chemical reactions, which are transformations of substances
- The periodic table, which is an organized table of elements

Physics is the study of the natural world around us
It has several branches, including:
- Mechanics, which studies motion and forces
- Thermodynamics, which studies heat and energy
- Electromagnetism, which studies electricity and magnetism
- Quantum mechanics, which studies the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level
Key physical concepts include:
- Energy, which is the ability to do work
- Matter, which is anything that has mass and takes up space
- Space, which is the three-dimensional expanse that makes up the universe
- Time, which is the measurement of duration and sequence of events