Introduction to Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It explores the diversity of life forms, from molecules to ecosystems, and examines the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Botany: study of plants and plant-like organisms
Zoology: study of animals and animal-like organisms
Microbiology: study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses
Ecology: study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins
Evolutionary Biology: study of the processes that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth
Biophysics: study of the physical principles underlying biological processes

Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure for living organisms
Proteins: perform a wide range of functions, including catalysis, transport, and regulation
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): store and transmit genetic information
Lipids: provide energy, structure, and insulation for living organisms

Cell Structure: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles
Cell Function: metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and transport
Cellular Processes: photosynthesis, respiration, mitosis, and meiosis

Mechanisms of Evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and genetic variation
Evidence for Evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography

Ecosystem Components: biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living environment)
Energy Flow: producers, consumers, and decomposers
Nutrient Cycles: carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles
Ecosystem Services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services

Biology encompasses the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It explores the diversity of life forms from molecules to ecosystems and examines interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Botany involves the study of plants and plant-like organisms.
Zoology focuses on animals and animal-like organisms.
Microbiology covers microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Ecology examines the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Genetics delves into heredity, genes, and genetic variation.
Biochemistry investigates the chemical processes and substances within living organisms.
Molecular Biology explores the structure and function of biological molecules like DNA and proteins.
Evolutionary Biology studies the processes that have shaped life on Earth.
Biophysics applies physical principles to understand biological processes.

Carbohydrates provide energy and structure for living organisms.
Proteins perform various functions, including catalysis, transport, and regulation.
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
Lipids offer energy, structure, and insulation for living organisms.

Cell structure consists of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.
Cells perform functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and transport.
Cellular processes include photosynthesis, respiration, mitosis, and meiosis.

Mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and genetic variation.
Evidence for evolution comes from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography.

Ecosystems consist of biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living environment).
Energy flow involves producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Nutrient cycles include carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.
Ecosystem services encompass provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.