Introduction to Biodiversity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Define biodiversity.

Biodiversity is the variation of living forms on earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, genes, and forming the complex ecosystem.

What is the total number of biodiversity estimated to be?

13 million

How many species of biodiversity have been identified?

1.75 million

Protecting biodiversity can lead to finding new sources of food and drink.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant proportion of drugs are derived indirectly from biological sources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity can inspire artistic creativity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystems and ecological processes play a role in breaking down pollutants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological diversity contributes to soil formation and nutrient preservation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural pesticides using biodiversity are always inferior to artificial pesticides.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity is not directly linked to economic development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the ways biodiversity supports human activities?

<p>Agricultural production (A), Medicine (B), Scientific research and investigation (C), Balance of ecosystem (D), Tourism (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the characteristics of organisms in the kingdom Protista?

<p>Protists are mostly aquatic, unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. They consist of membrane-bound cell organelles, like mitochondria, Plastids, and endoplasmic reticulum, and possess a double-stranded helical DNA contained within a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All Protists possess a cell wall composed of cellulose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the diverse modes of nutrition found in Protists?

<p>Protists can be photosynthetic, saprotrophic, parasitic, or holozoic, depending on their energy source and how they obtain nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protists exhibit a high level of cellular differentiation, forming complex tissue systems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reproductive methods found in Protists?

<p>Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual methods include fission, budding, and conjugation, while sexual reproduction involves gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phytoplanktons?

<p>Phytoplanktons are photosynthetic plants that constitute an important group of producers in aquatic environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of Protists includes an embryo stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Protozoa?

<p>Protozoa are microscopic, acellular animals. They are without tissues and organs. Protozoans are typically solitary or colonial in habit, possessing either one or multiple nuclei. They are usually microscopic and difficult to see with the naked eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general characters of Protozoans?

<p>Protozoans are typically microscopic animals, with unicellular bodies containing one or multiple nuclei. Their bodies may be naked or covered with a pellicle, and some possess a shell or exoskeleton. They can be either solitary or colonial in habit, capable of performing essential bodily activities within their single cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the modes of nutrition found in Protozoa?

<p>Protozoa exhibit various modes of nutrition, including isoholozoic, holophytic, saprozoic, and parasitic, depending on their food source and how they obtain nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are locomotory organelles found in Protozoa?

<p>Protozoa can use pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, or may be devoid of any locomotory organelles, adapting to different locomotion strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reproductive methods observed in Protozoa?

<p>Protozoans primarily reproduce through fission, which can be binary, multiple, or budding. Conjugation and syngamy are also observed as reproductive mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of classification for Protozoa?

<p>Protozoans are classified according to their locomotory organelles, which include pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Protozoa is characterized by locomotion by pseudopodia?

<p>Rhizopoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary organelles for locomotion and food capturing in Rhizopoda?

<p>Pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most Rhizopoda are parasitic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhizopoda typically have a rigid, protective outer shell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of organisms belonging to the Rhizopoda class?

<p>Amoeba and Entamoeba are examples of organisms belonging to the Rhizopoda class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Protozoa is characterized by the presence of cilia?

<p>Ciliata, which includes organisms like Paramecium and Vorticella, uses cilia for locomotion and food gathering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cilia in Ciliata?

<p>Cilia are the primary organelles for locomotion and food capture in Ciliata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer covering of the body in Ciliata?

<p>The body is typically covered by a thick pellicle, providing a protective and structural layer for Ciliata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of Ciliata?

<p>Paramecium (B), Vorticella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Protozoa is characterized by the presence of flagella?

<p>Flagellata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary organelles for locomotion and food capturing in Flagellata?

<p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the outer structure of Flagellata?

<p>The body of Flagellata is typically covered by a thick pellicle that provides structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All Flagellata are parasitic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of organisms in the Flagellata class?

<p>Euglena (A), Leishmania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of Protozoa lacks locomotory organelles?

<p>Sporozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sporozoans are free-living organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reproductive methods in Sporozona?

<p>Sporozoans reproduce primarily through multiple fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of organisms belonging to the Sporozona class?

<p>Monocystis (C), Plasmodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of Plasmodium that cause malaria?

<p>The four types of Plasmodium that cause malaria are Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium ovale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fever does Plasmodium vivax cause?

<p>Plasmodium vivax causes benign fever, which occurs every 48 hours or on every third day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fever does Plasmodium malariae cause?

<p>Plasmodium malariae causes quartan fever, which occurs every 72 hours or on every fourth day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum causes fatal malaria, also known as malignant malaria or aestivo-autumnal malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of malaria is caused by Plasmodium ovale?

<p>Plasmodium ovale causes mild or ovale malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasmodium can complete its life cycle using only one host.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two hosts involved in the Plasmodium life cycle, and what are their roles?

<p>Humans serve as the secondary host for Plasmodium, where asexual reproduction occurs. Female Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary host, harboring the sexual reproduction stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a digenetic parasite?

<p>A digenetic parasite requires two hosts to complete its life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the asexual life cycle of Plasmodium in humans?

<p>Schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sexual life cycle of Plasmodium in female Anopheles?

<p>Sporogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite that is transmitted through a mosquito bite?

<p>Sporozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which Plasmodium is transmitted to humans?

<p>Inoculative transference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major cycles that make up the Plasmodium life cycle in humans?

<p>The life cycle of Plasmodium in humans is divided into three major cycles: the pre-erythrocytic cycle, the exo-erythrocytic cycle, and the erythrocytic cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the pre-erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium?

<p>During the pre-erythrocytic cycle, sporozoites enter the liver cells, transform into cryptozoites, and undergo multiple fission to produce cryptomerozoites. Some of these cryptomerozoites may re-infect liver cells to continue the exo-erythrocytic cycle, while others enter red blood cells to begin the erythrocytic cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between macrometacryptozoites and micrometacryptozoites?

<p>Macrometacryptozoites are larger metacryptozoites that divide to form 64 macrometacryptomerozoites, while micrometacryptozoites are smaller and produce between 100-1000 micrometacryptomerozoites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pre-patent period of Plasmodium?

<p>The pre-patent period is the time interval between the entry of Plasmodium into the blood and the onset of symptoms, typically ranging from 8 to 10 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium?

<p>The erythrocytic cycle involves the invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites, followed by their growth and multiplication within the RBCs. The infected RBCs eventually burst, releasing new merozoites that can further infect other RBCs. During this cycle, symptoms of malaria develop due to the destruction of RBCs and release of toxic waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of development within the erythrocytic cycle?

<p>The erythrocytic cycle includes the trophozoite stage (feeding and growth), the signet ring stage (formation of a ring-shaped structure), the amoeboid stage (movement within the RBC), and the schizont stage (replication and production of new merozoites), culminating in the lysis of the infected RBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the toxic substance that accumulates in the infected RBCs?

<p>Haemozoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Schuffner's dots?

<p>Schuffner's dots are small dot-like structures that appear in the infected RBCs, particularly in the early stages of infection caused by Plasmodium vivax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Plasmodium falciparum?

<p>The incubation period for Plasmodium falciparum is typically shorter than other species, ranging from 9 to 30 days, with an average of 10-14 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which two individuals of Paramecium come together to exchange genetic material?

<p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the cells of Paramecium that are attached during conjugation?

<p>Conjugants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed between the two conjugants?

<p>Endoplasmic bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fused nucleus formed during conjugation?

<p>Synkaryon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exconjugants?

<p>Exconjugants are two Paramecium cells that have separated after conjugation and have undergone further nuclear divisions to produce offspring. They are distinct from conjugants, which are the original cells undergoing conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main significances of conjugation in Paramecium?

<p>The three main significances of conjugation in Paramecium are increase in number (reproduction), rejuvenation (regaining lost power), and variations (introducing genetic diversity) in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most virulent species of Plasmodium in humans?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary host types for Plasmodium falciparum?

<p>Humаns аre the intermediаte hosts, where аsexuаl reproduction occurs. Femаle аnopheline mosquitoes аre the definitive hosts, hаrboring the sexuаl reproduction stаge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the аverаge incubаtion period for Plаsmodium fаlciparum?

<p>The аverаge incubаtion period for Plаsmodium fаlciparum is 10-14 dаys, but it cаn rаnge from 9 to 30 dаys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What аre the mаjor symptoms of mаlаriа caused by Plаsmodium fаlciparum?

<p>Plаsmodium fаlciparum cаn cаuse а vаriety of symptoms including high fever, chills, sweаting, heаdаches, muscle pаin, аnd nаuseа. Severe cаses cаn leаd to аnemиа, kidney fаilure, аnd even deаth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to аlternаtively refer to fаlciparum mаlаriа?

<p>Pernicious mаlаriа</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is chаrаcterized by sudden intrаvаsculаr hаemolysis?

<p>Blаck wаter fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plаsmodium fаlciparum cаn be controlled by vаccinаtion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to control mаlаriа?

<p>Mаlаriа control is chаllenging due to the complex lifecycle of the Plаsmodium pаrаsite, necessitаting а combinаtion of methods to tаrget both humаn hosts аnd mosquito vectors. The resilience of mosquitoes, the vаriаtion in mаlаriа severity, аnd the lаck of а widely аvаilаble vаccinаtion аll аdd to the difficulty in controlling mаlаriа.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What аre some methods used to control mаlаriа?

<p>Mаlаriа control strаtegies include the destruction of mosquitoes by insect sprays, dаining аnd filling wаter sources to eliminаte mosquito breeding grounds, using mosquito nets for personаl protection, аnd аdministering аnti-mаlаriаl drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of P. caudatum in the ecosystem?

<p>P. caudatum is а common freе-living freshwаter ciliаte, often fоund in pondѕ аnd stаgnant wаters. It рlаyѕ аn importаnt role in the ecosystem by feeding on detritus and bаcteriа, helping to breаk down organic mаtter аnd contribute to the recyclinе of nutrients. This helps maintain the heаlth of the wаterbody аnd іѕ аn іmpоrtаnt pаrt of the food wеb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can P. caudatum be cultured in the laboratory?

<p>P. caudatum can be cultured in the laboratory by placing a small amount of pond water onto a petri dish that has been prepared with boiled hay or wheat and water at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protective outer layer of the Paramecium?

<p>Pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure of the pellicle in Paramecium.

<p>The pellicle is composed of hexagonal areas, with a small cilium protruding from the center of each area. Each cilium has a central axoneme, surrounded by protoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trichocysts in Paramecium?

<p>Trichocysts are spindle-shaped structures that discharge long adhesive threads when the Paramecium is irritated. It is thought that they primarily function in anchorage and defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of nuclei found in Paramecium?

<p>Paramecium has two types of nuclei: the macronucleus and the micronucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the macronucleus and the micronucleus in Paramecium?

<p>The macronucleus is large, kidney-shaped, and lacks a nuclear membrane. It contains tropochromatin and controls most vegetative functions. The micronucleus is small, round, and has a nuclear membrane. It contains idiochromatin and is involved in reproduction. This kind of nuclear structure is called dimorphic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main modes of reproduction in Paramecium?

<p>Paramecium can reproduce both asexually through transverse binary fission and sexually through conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during binary fission in Paramecium?

<p>Binary fission in Paramecium involves the division of the micronucleus mitotically and the macronucleus amitotically. The cell then constricts in the middle, forming two daughter cells, each with a complete set of nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary functions of cilia in Paramecium?

<p>Cilia in Paramecium are responsible for locomotion and ingestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of large cilia found at the posterior end of Paramecium?

<p>Caudal tuft</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure formed by the basal granules and connecting fibers in Paramecium?

<p>Kinetodesma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conjugation is a form of asexual reproduction in Paramecium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does conjugation occur in Paramecium?

<p>Conjugation occurs in Paramecium because after repeated binary fission, the animal loses its vigor and its ability to reproduce efficiently. This is related to a lower nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio), which indicates a reduction in energy production and activity. Conjugation helps to regain energy and increase the N/C ratio, leading to rejuvenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biodiversity

Variation of living forms on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and their genes, forming complex ecosystems.

Biodiversity Importance

Provides food, medicine, industrial materials (dyes, fibers, resins), inspires art, supports ecosystem functions (pollutant breakdown, soil health), and contributes to economic development (tourism, research).

Protista Kingdom

A kingdom of mainly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, like algae, slime molds, and protozoa.

Protist Characteristics

Mostly aquatic, eukaryotic, with membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, plastids), double-stranded DNA in a nucleus, cell wall (if present) is cellulose, diverse nutrition (photosynthetic, saprotrophic, parasitic, holozoic).

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Phytoplankton

Photosynthetic protists that form a major producer group in aquatic ecosystems.

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Zooplankton

Non-photosynthetic protists that feed on other organisms, lacking a cell wall.

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Protozoa

Microscopic, single-celled animals, lacking tissues and organs. They can live alone or in groups.

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Protozoa Nutrition

Protozoa can obtain energy through various methods like holozoic nutrition (ingesting food), holophytic nutrition (photosynthesis), saprozoic nutrition (absorbing organic matter), or parasitism.

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Protozoa Reproduction

Protozoa typically reproduce asexually (fission, budding, multiple fission), occasionally sexually (conjugation, syngamy).

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Protozoa Locomotion

Protozoa can move using pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, or may not move at all.

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Protozoa Habitats

Protozoa can be found in aquatic environments, damp soil, and some act as parasites.

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Protoplasm Differentiation

The protoplasm of protozoa is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm.

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Protoplasmic Organization

Protozoa display this grade of organization,meaning their single cell performs numerous bodily functions.

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Protist Structure

Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum) and a distinct nucleus are features of protozoa cells.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms featuring cells with membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Biodiversity

  • Biodiversity is defined as the variation of living forms on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, genes, and ecosystems.
  • Total number of biodiversity: 13 million
  • Identified biodiversity: 1.75 million

Importance of Biodiversity

  • Protecting biodiversity provides new sources of food and drink.
  • Many drugs are derived directly or indirectly from biological sources.
  • Biological sources provide industrial materials (dyes, fibers, resins).
  • Biodiversity inspires art, music, and poetry.
  • Ecosystems and ecological processes play a role in breaking down pollutants.
  • Biodiversity aids in soil texture and moisture/nutrient preservation
  • Natural pesticides derived from biodiversity are often superior to chemical pesticides.
  • Biodiversity is a direct source of income and economic development.

Phylum Protozoa

  • Protozoa are single-celled and microscopic animals (eukaryotic organisms).
  • Organisms include: protists, algae, slimes molds and protozoans
  • They exhibit diverse nutritional modes (photosynthesis, saprophytic, parasitic, holozoic).
  • They have various locomotory organelles (pseudopodia, cilia, flagella).
  • Protozoans often reproduce asexually (binary fission, multiple fission, budding) or sexually (conjugation).
  • They are typically unicellular, with one or more nuclei.
  • Some have protective pellicles (outer layer) or exoskeletons.

Classification of Protozoa

  • Class Rhizopoda: Locomotion using pseudopodia (e.g., Amoeba, Entamoeba).
  • Class Ciliata: Locomotion using cilia (e.g., Paramecium, Vorticella).
  • Class Flagellata: Locomotion using flagella (e.g., Euglena, Leishmania).
  • Class Sporozoa: Lack locomotory organelles; parasitic (e.g., Plasmodium, Monocystis).

Paramecium (Second Example of Protozoa)

  • Common fresh-water ciliate, found in ponds and stagnant waters rich in organic nutrients.
  • Free-living, can be cultured in the laboratory.
  • Found on the water's surface.
  • Has a slipper shape, broad anterior, and pointed posterior end.
  • Covered by a pellicle (protective covering).
  • Has cilia for locomotion and feeding.
  • Has two nuclei: macronucleus (vegetative activities) and micronucleus (reproduction).
  • Possesses food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, trichocysts.

Reproduction in Paramecium

  • Asexual reproduction: transverse binary fission (cell division).
  • Sexual reproduction: conjugation (exchange of genetic material between two individuals).

Malarial Parasite (Plasmodium)

  • Four types causing different types of malaria (Plasmodium vivax (benign fever), Plasmodium malariae (quartan fever), Plasmodium falciparum (fatal/malignant), Plasmodium ovale (mild).
  • Life cycle requires two hosts (human & female Anopheles mosquito).
  • Human is the secondary host; Anopheles the primary host
  • Malaria is a digenetic parasite.
  • The life cycle in human is asexual (Schizogony).
  • The mosquito cycle is sexual (Sporogony).

Life Cycle in Man (Major Cycles)

  • Pre-erythrocytic cycle: Sporozoites enter liver cells and develop into cryptozoites, producing cryptomerozoites.
  • Exo-erythrocytic cycle: Cryptomerozoites enter liver cells and develop into merozoites.
  • Erythrocytic cycle: Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs), grow, reproduce asexually (schizogony), and release more merozoites into the blood.
  • Symptoms of malaria often present after 15 days of infection.
  • Symptoms: Fever, muscle pain, loss of appetite, etc.
  • Resulting in RBC enlargements and bursts releasing merozoites.

Life Cycle in Female Anopheles

  • Gametocytes develop into microgametes and macrogamtes
  • Fertilization occurs in the stomach of the mosquito.
  • Oocyst stage: Formation of sporozoites, which migrate to the salivary glands of the mosquito.
  • Sporogony: Development of sporozoites.

Control of Malaria

  • Mosquito control methods:
    • Spraying insecticides in standing water.
    • Introduction of mosquito-eating fish.
    • Using physical barriers (screens, nets)
    • Mosquito-repellent creams and oils.
    • Use of safe approved antimalarial drugs.

Prevention from Infection

  • Use of mosquito nets.
  • Application of mosquito repellent creams/oils.
  • Use of medicine if living in malaria-prone areas.

Use of Proper Medicines

  • Quinine (bark of cinchona tree) and plasmochin - Often used to treat malaria, effective against different stages of the parasite but quinine not effective against gametocytes.
  • Malaria is not cured with vaccination, as Plasmodium doesn't produce antibodies.

Additional Information

  • Example of Phylum Protozoa: Paramecium caudatum – a common freshwater ciliate.
  • Characteristics and structure of Paramecium.
  • Classification, behaviour and lifestyle of Paramecium.
  • Reproduction and significance of Paramecium.
  • Description of the Plasmodium parasite.
  • Description and characteristics of the Plasmodium life cycle, including human and mosquito stages.
  • Methods, prevention and treatment of malaria.

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Introduction To Biodiversity PDF

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Test your knowledge on the importance of biodiversity and its various forms, including the phylum Protozoa. This quiz covers the significance of biodiversity for humans, ecosystems, and the economy. Explore how biodiversity impacts our lives in numerous ways.

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