Introduction to Bacteriology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of yersiniosis, a rare illness characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain?

  • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  • Yersinia cholerae
  • Yersinia enterocolitica (correct)
  • Yersinia pestis

Which symptom is NOT associated with the bubonic plague?

  • Painful lymph node swellings
  • Severe cough (correct)
  • Headaches
  • Fever

What was the significant consequence of the Black Death in Europe?

  • Establishment of new monarchies
  • Reduction of the global population (correct)
  • Expansion of the feudal system
  • Significant agricultural advancement

Which of the following statements about Yersinia pestis is true?

<p>It was discovered in the late 1800s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the societal changes during the Black Death?

<p>Vacant towns and farms created new opportunities for peasants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plague pandemic was named after an Eastern Roman emperor?

<p>The plague of Justinian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was NOT commonly used to treat plague victims during pandemics?

<p>Effective antibiotic treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which beta lactam antibiotics like penicillin work?

<p>Inhibit cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when bacteria produce beta lactamase in response to beta lactam antibiotics?

<p>Destruction of the antibiotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in measuring antibiotic activity?

<p>It determines the lowest concentration that inhibits bacterial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is known as a 'last resort' drug for treating gram-positive infections?

<p>Vancomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates methicillin from penicillin in terms of resistance to bacterial enzymes?

<p>Methicillin is not affected by beta lactamases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics disrupt folate synthesis in bacteria?

<p>By blocking enzymatic pathways required for folic acid production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the presence of different penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in some bacteria?

<p>Resistance to specific beta lactam antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in bacterial cells with respect to antibiotic targets?

<p>They are different from eukaryotic ribosomes, making them specific targets for some antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antibiotics in animal feed primarily have on the environment?

<p>They increase the likelihood of antibiotic resistance in bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where adult tapeworms mature and live in humans?

<p>Small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proglottids contain that is essential for reproduction?

<p>Eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the treatment of tapeworm infections?

<p>Anthelmintic medication praziquantel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neglected tropical diseases is true?

<p>They often lack sufficient resources for effective treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed characteristic of genetically modified mosquitoes introduced as an anti-parasitic measure?

<p>They can be engineered to decrease vector populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves a donor cell bursting and releasing chromosomal DNA to be picked up by a recipient cell?

<p>Bacterial transformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae?

<p>Expression of NDM-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a function of carbapenem antibiotics?

<p>Last resort treatment for resistant bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Clostridia bacteria?

<p>Endospore formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Clostridium species is responsible for causing tetanus?

<p>Clostridium tetani (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes Klebsiella pneumoniae particularly dangerous in a healthcare setting?

<p>It often carries NDM-1 and is resistant to multiple antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gene transfer occurs when a bacteriophage injects genetic material into a host cell?

<p>Bacterial transduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of exotoxins produced by Clostridia species?

<p>Life-threatening diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Clostridium difficile?

<p>It is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Beta hemolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes is NOT true?

<p>It cannot be transmitted through skin contact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age group affected by S. pyogenes infections such as strep throat?

<p>5-15 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scarlet fever is primarily associated with which type of infection?

<p>Bacterial pharyngitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT commonly associated with non-invasive infections of Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Kidney infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogen is Streptococcus pyogenes primarily recognized as?

<p>Human-specific pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main symptoms of Impetigo caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Yellow crusted plaques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many invasive cases of Streptococcus pyogenes infections are diagnosed each year worldwide?

<p>1.8 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the encapsulation of Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>It has a polysaccharide capsule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Yersinia pestis

A highly virulent bacterium causing the plague.

Plague

A serious infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis.

Bubonic Plague

Form of plague characterized by painful lymph node swellings (buboes).

Justinian Plague

The first major plague pandemic, named after Emperor Justinian.

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Black Death

The second plague pandemic, which devastated 14th-century Europe.

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Plague Pandemics

Recurring outbreaks of plague across history, caused by Y. pestis.

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Yersinia enterocolitica

A bacteria that can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain (yersiniosis).

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that completely stops bacterial growth in a liquid culture.

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Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply even when exposed to antibiotics.

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Antibiotic Targets

Specific bacterial components (e.g., cell walls, ribosomes, DNA synthesis) that antibiotics act on.

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Beta-lactam Antibiotics

Antibiotics that block bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

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Beta-lactamase

Bacterial enzyme that breaks down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.

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Methicillin Resistance

Bacterial resistance to methicillin, often involving a different penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a).

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Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic used as a last resort to target Gram-positive bacterial cell walls.

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Antibiotic Strips

A faster, multiple antibiotic testing method used to rapidly measure antibiotic activity in various concentrations.

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Measuring Treatment Effectiveness

Methods like MIC tests and antibiotic strips used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic on bacteria.

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Tapeworm Lifecycle

A complex life cycle involving humans, cows, and the environment. Tapeworm eggs are ingested by cows, develop into cysticerci in their muscles, and are then eaten by humans. In humans, the larva matures in the intestine and releases segments (proglottids) containing eggs, which are passed in feces, continuing the cycle.

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Tapeworm Attachment

Tapeworms attach to the small intestine using a specialized structure called a scolex. The scolex has suckers and hooks, allowing the worm to grip the intestinal lining.

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Tapeworm Reproduction

Tapeworms produce segments called proglottids, which contain eggs. As the worm grows, these segments break off and are passed in feces.

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Tapeworm Symptoms

Most people infected with tapeworms experience mild or no symptoms. However, visible white spots in feces can indicate proglottids being passed.

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Tapeworm Treatment

Tapeworm infections are treated with anthelmintic medication, such as praziquantel. This medication disrupts calcium homeostasis in the worm, causing paralysis and leading to its expulsion.

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Bacterial Transformation

A process where a bacterial cell takes up free DNA from its environment.

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Bacterial Transduction

DNA transfer in bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).

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Bacterial Conjugation

Direct DNA transfer between bacteria through a cytoplasmic bridge.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram-negative bacteria, often resistant to multiple antibiotics, involved in nosocomial pneumonia.

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NDM-1

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1; an enzyme that destroys carbapenem antibiotics.

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Carbapenem Antibiotics

Broad-spectrum antibiotics often used as a last resort when other antibiotics fail.

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Clostridia

Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores, often found in soil, and intestinal tracts of animals; some are important human pathogens.

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Clostridium difficile

A species of Clostridia that causes pseudomembranous colitis.

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Exotoxins

Toxic proteins produced by bacteria that can cause serious illnesses.

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CRE

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, a group of gram-negative bacteria.

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Streptococcus pyogenes

A gram-positive, spherical bacterium that causes various infections, including strep throat, impetigo and scarlet fever. It is also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its hemolytic properties.

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Hemolytic Capabilities

The ability of a bacterium to break down red blood cells (hemolysis). This capability helps classify different bacteria.

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Beta-Hemolytic

A type of bacteria that completely breaks down (lyses) red blood cells, creating a clear zone around the colony on a blood agar plate.

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Non-invasive Infections

Infections where the bacteria stay in areas where they typically reside, such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, etc.

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Invasive Infections

Infections where the bacteria spread to usually sterile areas, such as the blood, kidneys, and liver.

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Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx, also known as strep throat, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

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Impetigo

A contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by red sores with honey-colored crusts.

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Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)

A bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, characterized by a rash, fever, and red sore throat.

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Superantigens

Toxins produced by bacteria that overstimulate the immune system, causing inflammation and symptoms like those seen in scarlet fever.

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Transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes

This bacteria spreads through airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, and skin contact.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Bacteriology

  • Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are the three domains of life.
  • Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, the smallest and most abundant cells on Earth.
  • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and complex organelles.
  • Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.
  • Bacterial growth phases include lag phase, logarithmic growth, stationary phase, and death phase.
  • Generation time varies greatly between bacterial species.
  • Bacteria can be classified by shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum) and oxygen utilization (obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, microaerophile).

Taxonomic Ranks (Example: E. coli)

  • Bacterial names consist of genus (uppercase) and species (lowercase) in italics.
  • E. coli strains can have only 60% similarity.
  • Basic bacterial structures include the cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmids, cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and cell envelope.

Gram Staining

  • Gram staining is a technique used to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
  • Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, and gram-negative bacteria stain pink.

Organelles in Bacteria and Bacterial Cell Walls

  • Peptidoglycan is a rigid structure that prevents osmotic lysis.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) is an antigenically variable component of the outer membrane.
  • The nucleoid contains the chromosome.
  • Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements.

The Human Microbiota

  • The human microbiota is the collection of microbes living on and inside the human body.
  • There are more microbial genes than human genes in the human microbiome.
  • Types of bacteria depend on tissue location in the body.
  • Bacteria are part of commensal, mutualistic, and parasitic relationships with the host.

Bacterial Pathogens and Virulence Factors

  • Bacterial pathogens multiply inside the host or produce toxins that cause host problems.
  • Molecules produced by pathogens that contribute to diseases are virulence factors.
  • Virulence factors include LPS, flagella, pili, adhesins, capsules, and secreted exotoxins.

Capsules

  • Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides and are a thick layer on the surface of Bacteria.
  • Capsules provide protection against the host's immune system.
  • Can be used in vaccines.

Biofilms

  • Biofilms are complex structures produced by bacteria.
  • Bacteria in biofilms are highly resistant to environmental stressors and antibiotics.

Endospores

  • Endospores are highly-resistant resting stages of some bacteria.
  • Endospores are formed within the parent cell.
  • Often found in soil, highly resistant to chemicals/heat/radiation.

Exotoxins

  • Toxins released from bacteria.
  • Function inside or outside host cells.
  • Intracellular toxins are used inside of cells.

The Black Death

  • The Black Death was a devastating pandemic caused by Yersinia pestis.
  • The plague of Justinian, an earlier pandemic, lasted for two centuries and killed millions.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are essential due to aggressive nature of the disease.

Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance

  • Antimicrobials that can be applied to inanimate objects.
  • Disinfectants, antiseptics and antibiotics are antimicrobial agents.
  • Bacteria/fungi produce antibiotics to compete for resources.
  • Antibiotics have been successful in treating infections.
  • Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern, leading to infections becoming harder to treat.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

  • MIC measures the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth.
  • Used to determine effectiveness of antibiotics.

Antibiotics Targeting Cell Wall Synthesis

  • Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall enzymes called transpeptidases via a beta lactam ring.
  • Vancomycin targets D-Ala-D-Ala in cell walls, inhibiting transpeptidases in gram-positive bacteria.

Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

  • Bacteria can actively pump antibiotics out of cells by using efflux pumps.
  • Mutations in antibiotic targets (e.g., proteins) can prevent binding or alter activity.

Pathogens Causing Meningitis

  • The different bacteria that cause meningitis.
  • Symptoms and diagnoses of bacterial meningitis.
  • Treatment and Prevention.

Tuberculosis and Leprosy

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB, a leading cause of death worldwide.
  • Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, a chronic illness affecting nerves, skin, and eyes.
  • Both have a high rate of transmission.
  • TB and Leprosy can cause extensive organ damage, disabilities and death if left untreated

Other bacterial infections

  • Review of different pathogens (and infections), including relevant information about their taxonomy, pathogenesis, symptoms, and treatment.
  • Information on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile and more.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of bacteriology, including the domains of life, prokaryotic cell structure, and bacterial classification. This quiz will cover topics such as bacterial reproduction, growth phases, and the gram staining technique. Perfect for students studying microbiology or related fields.

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