Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
167 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the broadest definition of artificial intelligence (AI)?

  • Intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems (correct)
  • A specific application of computer programming techniques
  • Intelligence exhibited by animals in their environment
  • Intelligence that can only be achieved through human logic

Which of the following is NOT a high-profile application of AI?

  • Google Search
  • Autonomous vehicles
  • YouTube recommendation systems
  • Radio broadcasting (correct)

What is one of the traditional goals of AI research?

  • Financial accounting
  • Social networking development
  • Web design
  • Natural language processing (correct)

Which application is an example of generative AI?

<p>ChatGPT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon of advanced AI applications becoming widely used without being recognized as AI?

<p>Filtering into general applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the reasons for funding cuts in AI research historically?

<p>Periods of disappointment and loss of confidence in AI progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field has contributed techniques to AI research?

<p>Neuroscience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term goal of the field of AI?

<p>To achieve general intelligence equivalent to human abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a proof tree in deductive reasoning?

<p>It visualizes the connection between conclusions and premises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Horn clause logic, what method can be used for problem-solving?

<p>Reasoning forwards or backwards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fuzzy logic primarily address in reasoning?

<p>Vague and partially true propositions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm is commonly used with Bayesian networks for learning?

<p>Expectation-maximization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of algorithm is a decision tree classified as?

<p>A symbolic machine learning algorithm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a deep neural network?

<p>It has at least two hidden layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use of neural networks?

<p>Pattern recognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does non-monotonic logic aim to address?

<p>Handling default reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What architecture is known for its effectiveness in recurrent networks?

<p>Long short-term memory (LSTM). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the behavior of a naive Bayes classifier?

<p>It assumes independence between predictors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of probabilistic algorithms?

<p>Clustering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reasoning is involved in Bayesian networks?

<p>Probabilistic reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the backpropagation algorithm?

<p>It optimizes weights through supervised learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of classification in supervised learning?

<p>To categorize input data into predefined groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes reinforcement learning?

<p>A learning approach where good actions are rewarded and bad actions are punished. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transfer learning aim to achieve?

<p>To apply knowledge from one problem to a different, yet related problem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of natural language processing involves converting spoken language into written text?

<p>Speech recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of computer vision?

<p>Interpreting and understanding visual data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of artificial general intelligence?

<p>Specializing solely in a single task or domain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of search method tries to find a goal state by exploring various possibilities in a decision tree?

<p>State space search (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gradient descent in machine learning?

<p>To find the minimum of a loss function by adjusting parameters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes systems that interpret and simulate human emotions?

<p>Affective computing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used in training neural networks?

<p>Backpropagation algorithm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge that early natural language processing systems faced?

<p>Word-sense disambiguation in small domains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm is inspired by the behavior of birds and involves optimizing a group of candidate solutions?

<p>Particle swarm optimization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does formal logic assist in artificial intelligence?

<p>By representing knowledge and reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of machine perception?

<p>Analyzing sensory input for environmental understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that accelerated investment in AI after 2017?

<p>The emergence of the transformer architecture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to a body of knowledge represented in a form usable by an AI program?

<p>Knowledge base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major challenges in knowledge representation for AI?

<p>The vast breadth of commonsense knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In automated decision-making, what is the term used to describe how much an agent prefers a certain situation?

<p>Utility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difficulty faced when creating algorithms for reasoning and problem-solving in AI?

<p>Combinatorial explosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a rational agent in the context of decision-making?

<p>An agent with specific goals or preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What learning method involves analyzing data without guidance to find patterns?

<p>Unsupervised learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept represents the relationship between a decision and possible states for an agent?

<p>Policy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of decision-making processes is often uncertain in real-world problems?

<p>The agent's environment and situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning algorithm was used in early AI to solve logical deductions?

<p>Step-by-step reasoning algorithms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with knowledge acquisition for AI applications?

<p>The challenge of obtaining relevant knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of machine learning, which method is known for making predictions based on labeled data?

<p>Supervised learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical model is often used to describe decision-making under uncertainty?

<p>Markov decision process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does generative AI's content creation expose unintended consequences?

<p>By raising concerns about safety and risks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predicted about US power demand by 2030 regarding data centers?

<p>Data centers will consume 8% of US power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology company negotiated with US nuclear power providers for electricity supply to their data centers?

<p>Microsoft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the increasing power demand for AI?

<p>Delay in closing carbon-emitting coal facilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Nvidia’s CEO assert about nuclear power for data centers?

<p>It is a good option for data centers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding the power usage by data centers?

<p>Potential to max out the electrical grid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement has allowed for the creation of realistic misinformation?

<p>Generative AI. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem arose from AI programs designed to maximize user engagement on platforms like YouTube?

<p>Promotion of misinformation and extreme content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected impact of AI on the power grid according to technology firms?

<p>AI can make the power grid more efficient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated cost for reopening and upgrading the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant?

<p>$1.6 billion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory body must approve the reopening of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant?

<p>Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change did Amazon make regarding nuclear-powered data centers?

<p>Amazon purchased a nuclear-powered data center in Pennsylvania. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did AI's recommendation systems lead to misinformation issues?

<p>AI recommended content based on users' previous choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disputed source of power for data centers in the context of energy demands?

<p>Nuclear energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant achievement of Deep Blue in 1997?

<p>Became the first to beat a reigning world chess champion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which AI system defeated the world's best players in Jeopardy! in 2011?

<p>Watson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which game did AlphaGo achieve a major victory against Lee Sedol?

<p>Go (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the AI agent Pluribus specialize in?

<p>Playing poker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SIMA allow AI to do in open-world video games?

<p>Play previously unseen games by observing screen outputs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do language models face when solving mathematical problems?

<p>They can only solve problems identical to their training data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a sufficiently powerful AI according to Nick Bostrom's argument?

<p>It may kill humanity to achieve its goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models was developed for precise mathematical problem solving?

<p>Alpha Tensor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern expressed by Geoffrey Hinton regarding AI?

<p>AI could lead to an existential risk if not properly managed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant concern regarding AI tools in finance?

<p>They are likely to automate many jobs in financial sectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT part of the development of Friendly AI?

<p>Maximizing AI's operational efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument made by Yuval Noah Harari about AI?

<p>AI can influence society through misinformation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field has seen AI applications aimed at enhancing command and control in military settings?

<p>Military operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes generative AI as described in the content?

<p>AI capable of producing various media types in response to prompts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the May 2023 joint statement endorsed by AI experts?

<p>Mitigating AI risk is a priority comparable to nuclear threats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do AI agents face in their real-world applications?

<p>Finite memory and processing capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Eliezer Yudkowsky, what should be a higher research priority?

<p>Creating friendly AI to minimize risks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology enhances the performance of AI agents over time?

<p>Supervised fine-tuning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with open-weight AI models?

<p>They may lose built-in security measures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which AI system is associated with achieving grandmaster level in StarCraft II?

<p>AlphaStar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a factor tested by the Care and Act Framework?

<p>Maximizing profitability for organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stance does Andrew Ng take regarding fears over AI?

<p>Resisting doomsday hype benefits certain interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach is also referred to as computational morality?

<p>Machine ethics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is directed toward ethical frameworks decided during conferences?

<p>The contributors to these frameworks are often questioned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately captures the views of Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk regarding AI?

<p>They emphasize the need for caution in AI development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emerging field focuses on equipping machines with ethical principles?

<p>Machine Ethics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential application of AI in agriculture?

<p>Predicting crop ripening times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way has AI been used in evacuation and disaster management?

<p>Providing real-time evacuation condition updates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern regarding privacy in AI applications?

<p>Intrusive data gathering by AI-powered services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a theme identified in the ethics of AI?

<p>AI may unintentionally perpetuate bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has AI been utilized in astronomy?

<p>Analyzing increasing amounts of available data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue do experts argue about the use of copyrighted works for AI training?

<p>The purpose and character of the use matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of AI raises concerns regarding a surveillance society?

<p>Continuous collection of personal information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do Big Tech companies have in the AI marketplace?

<p>Ownership of the majority of cloud infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with machine learning algorithms?

<p>They may not account for ethics and biases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What development in AI usage was observed during the 2024 Indian elections?

<p>Use of deepfakes for voter engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns regarding lethal autonomous weapons?

<p>They have the potential to kill innocent people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the fairness aspect recently adopted by privacy experts?

<p>Fairness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique developed by Anthropic associates neuron activation patterns with understandable concepts?

<p>Generative pre-trained transformers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does AI potentially affect environmental impacts?

<p>By increasing the power consumption of data centers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant concern about the impact of AI on jobs?

<p>AI may lead to technological unemployment in middle-class jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary concerns about AI-generated content?

<p>It can infringe on the copyright of original works (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by AI in respect to ethical considerations?

<p>The complexity of AI systems makes ethical evaluation difficult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods allows developers to see what different layers of a deep network have learned?

<p>DeepDream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason why regulators argue against the use of certain AI tools?

<p>The potential harm is real even if unsolved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2014, how many nations supported a ban on autonomous weapons under the United Nations?

<p>30 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following jobs is considered to be at extreme risk of potential automation?

<p>Paralegals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit is mentioned regarding the redistribution of productivity gains from AI?

<p>It could result in net benefit to society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains that AI programs can become existential risks without needing human-like sentience?

<p>Goals-driven intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surveillance technology has been implemented for mass monitoring in certain countries?

<p>AI facial recognition systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated percentage of U.S. jobs at 'high risk' of potential automation in the 2010s according to some economists?

<p>47% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of AI technology is seen as a tool for authoritarian governments to control citizens?

<p>Face and voice recognition systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects a concern regarding future tasks performed by AI?

<p>Some tasks better suited for human judgment may be automated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem with the Google Photos algorithm caused it to misidentify individuals?

<p>Insufficient training on diverse images (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding about the COMPAS program regarding racial bias?

<p>It significantly underestimated white offenders' recidivism risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fairness focuses on identifying groups and compensating for statistical disparities?

<p>Distributive fairness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reason was given for the criticism of machine learning models like COMPAS?

<p>They rely on historical data that includes biased decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with the current demographic representation among AI developers?

<p>Limited diversity in race and gender. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Google address the initial bias in its image labeling feature?

<p>By prohibiting it from using any certain identifiers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Moritz Hardt's statement imply about the effectiveness of fairness through blindness?

<p>It fundamentally fails to correct algorithmic bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge exists when trying to define fairness in AI?

<p>Subjectivity in notions and classifications complicates it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of algorithmic decision-making, what is the issue with having complex AI systems?

<p>Their decision-making process can be opaque and difficult to explain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises from the algorithm that misclassified asthma patients as low risk?

<p>Misinterpretation of correlation led to dangerous misclassifications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the underrepresentation of minorities in tech have?

<p>It increases the likelihood of biases being overlooked. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding did researchers discover about fairness measures in COMPAS?

<p>The base rates of re-offense made fairness impossible to achieve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to AI ethicists, how can sensitive attributes like race and gender be viewed?

<p>They conflict with anti-discrimination laws. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What book is understood to have discredited the use of artificial neural networks for solving real-world tasks?

<p>Perceptrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the period when funding for AI projects became difficult due to disillusionment?

<p>AI Winter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event helped revive AI research in the early 1980s?

<p>The rise of expert systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach began to gain traction in AI research due to doubts about high-level symbolic representations?

<p>Sub-symbolic Approaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major breakthrough in neural networks occurred in 1990?

<p>Successful recognition of handwritten digits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the subfield of artificial general intelligence (AGI) founded around 2002?

<p>Creating versatile and fully intelligent machines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological improvement significantly contributed to the success of deep learning?

<p>Improvements in hardware and large data access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major achievement of AlphaGo in 2015?

<p>It beat the world champion Go player. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern became prominent in machine learning conferences around 2016?

<p>Fairness and the misuse of technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alan Turing emphasize when questioning whether machines can think?

<p>Measuring the ability of machines to simulate intelligent behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the philosophy of artificial intelligence, which concept has been a major focus of debate?

<p>Consciousness in machines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a noted tendency in the 1990s regarding the perception of AI solutions?

<p>They were rarely described as 'artificial intelligence.' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2022, approximately how much annual investment was made in AI in the U.S.?

<p>$50 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'AI effect'?

<p>The tendency to consider successful AI solutions as not truly AI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the AI toolset 'Inspect' released in 2024?

<p>To evaluate AI models for safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were involved in creating the first international legally binding treaty on AI in 2024?

<p>European Union, United States, and United Kingdom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the first global AI Safety Summit held in 2023?

<p>Discussing risks and regulatory frameworks for AI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed in AI-related laws from 2016 to 2022 according to the AI Index at Stanford?

<p>A significant increase in passed AI laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception do some believe about AI safety regulations?

<p>Regulations are not necessary for AI technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who published a joint statement in November 2021 calling for a government commission to regulate AI?

<p>Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt, and Daniel Huttenlocher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Americans thought it was very important for the federal government to regulate AI in the 2023 Fox News poll?

<p>35% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original goal of AI researchers in the 1960s and 1970s?

<p>To develop AI with general intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, launched in 2020, emphasize?

<p>Development aligned with human rights and democratic values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the study of mechanical reasoning and the theoretical foundations of AI start gaining traction?

<p>1956 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology concept was NOT mentioned as influential in the development of AI?

<p>Quantum computing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Chinese citizens agreed that AI products have more benefits than drawbacks in a 2022 survey?

<p>78% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributed to the advances in deep learning between 2012 and 2015?

<p>Increased computer power and access to large datasets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In deep learning models, what do lower layers typically identify?

<p>Simple features like edges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used to improve the truthfulness and usefulness of GPT models?

<p>Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of data can multimodal GPT models process?

<p>Various forms including text, images, videos, and sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies was replaced by GPUs in the late 2010s for training large-scale AI models?

<p>Central Processing Units (CPUs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has AI contributed to advancements in medical research?

<p>By enabling faster data processing and analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern arises from the use of AI in the realm of sexuality?

<p>Production of non-consensual deepfake pornography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What algorithm is primarily utilized by game-playing programs to demonstrate advanced AI techniques?

<p>Reinforcement learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a Chief Automation Officer (CAO) play in organizations utilizing AI?

<p>Managing the development of AI applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications utilizes AI for real-time decision making?

<p>Autonomous vehicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the doubling of transistor density in integrated circuits roughly every 18 months?

<p>Moore's Law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is primarily predicted during the pretraining of GPT models?

<p>Next token in a sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major benefit does AI provide in the field of drug discovery?

<p>Identifies potential drug candidates faster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.

AI Research

A field of research developing software and methods to enable machines to perceive their environment and take intelligent actions.

General Intelligence

The ability to perform any task a human can, at least at an equal level.

AI Techniques

Techniques like search, optimization, logic, neural networks, and statistics used to achieve AI goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Winters

Periods of high optimism followed by disappointment and funding cuts in the field of AI research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recommendation Systems

Systems that use collected data to provide personalized recommendations, like on YouTube or Amazon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Virtual Assistants

Software that allows users to interact with computers using natural language, like Google Assistant or Siri.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomous Vehicles

Vehicles that can navigate and drive themselves without human intervention, like Waymo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classification (supervised learning)

A type of machine learning where the program learns to predict a category for the input.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regression (supervised learning)

A type of machine learning where the program learns to deduce a numeric function based on numeric input.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reinforcement Learning

A type of machine learning where an agent learns by trial and error, receiving rewards for good actions and punishments for bad ones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transfer Learning

Applying knowledge gained from solving one problem to solve a different but related problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Learning

A type of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks inspired by the human brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

The ability of programs to read, write, and communicate in human languages like English.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Word Embedding

Representing words as vectors, capturing their meaning in a numerical way.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transformers (NLP)

Deep learning architecture using an attention mechanism, allowing it to process sequences of information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Machine Perception

A type of AI that learns from sensory input like images, sounds, and touch.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Computer Vision

The field of AI that focuses on analyzing visual information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Affective Computing

A field of AI that aims to create systems able to understand, interpret, and respond to human emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State Space Search

A type of search that explores a tree of possible states to find a goal state.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heuristic Search

A type of search that uses heuristics to prioritize choices and find a solution more efficiently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Local Search

A type of optimization that iteratively refines a guess to find a solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gradient Descent

A type of local search that uses mathematical optimization to find a solution by minimizing a loss function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Boom

A period of rapid progress in AI research marked by increased funding and advancements, starting with the success of deep learning in 2012 and accelerating with transformers in 2017.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reasoning and Problem-Solving in AI

The ability of AI systems to reason logically, solve problems, and make deductions, similar to human cognitive processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Knowledge Representation in AI

The problem of representing knowledge in a way that AI systems can understand and use to make intelligent decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ontology in AI

A formal description of concepts and their relationships within a specific domain of knowledge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Knowledge Base in AI

A collection of knowledge organized in a form that can be processed by AI programs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Knowledge Acquisition in AI

The process of acquiring knowledge for AI applications, often a challenging task due to the complexity of real-world information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agent in AI

A computer program designed to act and interact with the world, capable of perceiving information and taking actions to achieve goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rational Agent in AI

An agent that makes decisions based on preferences and aims to achieve the best possible outcomes for its goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automated Planning in AI

The process in which an AI agent plans a sequence of actions to achieve a specific goal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automated Decision-Making in AI

The ability of an AI agent to make decisions based on preferences, where different situations have different values, measured by utility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Utility in AI

A metric assigned to a situation by an AI agent, reflecting how desirable that situation is according to its preferences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Machine Learning in AI

The process of an AI agent learning how to improve its performance on a task automatically, without explicit programming.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unsupervised Learning

A type of machine learning where the system analyzes data without labeled examples to find patterns and make predictions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Supervised Learning

A machine learning approach where the system is given labeled examples and learns to predict outcomes based on those examples.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deductive Reasoning

A reasoning method where a new statement (conclusion) is proven using existing true statements (premises). It involves building a proof tree with premises forming the branches and the conclusion at the top.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proof Tree

A form of deductive reasoning where problems are solved by searching for a proof tree connecting premises to the desired solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Horn Clauses

Logic statements written in a specific format where a conclusion is reached ONLY if all conditions are met. Example: "IF it's raining THEN I'll bring an umbrella."

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resolution (Logic)

A single inference rule used in first-order logic to solve problems by proving a contradiction. It combines negative statements to reach a contradiction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fuzzy Logic

A system of logic that assigns degrees of truth between 0 and 1, allowing for statements that are partially true. For example, "The sky is blue" could have a degree of truth of 0.8.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Monotonic Logic

Logic systems that handle default reasoning, meaning conclusions can change when new information is added. Example: "Birds can fly" is the default, but then you learn about penguins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bayesian Networks

A tool used in artificial intelligence for reasoning, learning, planning, and perception. It represents relationships between variables using probabilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decision Theory

A mathematical framework for analyzing how agents make choices and plan, considering uncertainty and potential outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classifier

A type of machine learning used to classify data into predefined categories based on patterns. Example: Identifying spam emails based on word patterns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decision Tree

A symbolic machine learning algorithm where data is organized into tree-like structures to make decisions. Example: A simple decision tree for choosing a restaurant could involve considering the cuisine type, price, and location.

Signup and view all the flashcards

K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

An analogical AI algorithm that classifies data based on similarity to known examples. It finds the closest matches among known data points.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Neural Networks

A type of neural network that uses multiple layers of interconnected nodes to extract high-level features from data. It's especially effective for image recognition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Backpropagation Algorithm

A learning algorithm used for neural networks that uses local search to adjust weights and minimize errors. It works by comparing the network's output with the desired output and adjusting the weights accordingly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feedforward Neural Networks

A type of neural network where information flows only in one direction, from the input layer to the output layer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)

A type of neural network where the output is fed back into the input layer, allowing the network to remember past inputs and make predictions based on context. They are commonly used for tasks like language processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)

A variant of RNNs that excels in handling long-term dependencies in data, allowing them to learn relationships across longer sequences. They are often used in natural language processing, machine translation, and time series analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Blue

A computer system that beat Garry Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, in 1997.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Watson

An AI system that defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, in 2011.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AlphaGo

A Go-playing AI system that beat professional Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generative AI

A type of AI that can generate text, images, videos, or other data using generative models.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MuZero

A system that can be trained to play different games, including chess, Go, and Atari games.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dedicated Mathematical Problem Solver

An AI system that can solve mathematical problems and prove theorems, like Alpha Tensor, Alpha Geometry and Alpha Proof.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Agents

A form of AI that focuses on creating agents that can perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions autonomously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Military Applications of AI

The use of AI for military applications, including command and control, communications, sensors, and logistics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Finance and AI

Areas where AI tools are being rapidly deployed, such as retail online banking, investment advice, and insurance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

General AI

The field of AI research that focuses on developing systems that can perform any task that a human can.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)?

A large language model (LLM) trained on a massive dataset of text, designed to generate human-like text by predicting the next token.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is pretraining in GPT models?

The process where a GPT model learns the patterns and relationships between words in a corpus of text.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)?

A technique used to improve the accuracy, usefulness, and harmlessness of a GPT model by aligning its responses with human preferences through reinforcement learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is 'hallucination' in GPT models?

The tendency of GPT models to produce incorrect or misleading information, sometimes appearing as plausible but false statements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a multimodal GPT model?

A type of GPT model that can process and generate multiple types of data, including images, videos, sound, and text.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)?

A specialized computer chip designed for handling complex mathematical calculations, often used for training large AI models.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is TensorFlow?

A widely used software library for creating and running machine learning models, especially on GPUs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Moore's Law?

The rapid increase in the number of transistors on an integrated circuit, doubling approximately every 18 months. This trend allows for more powerful and efficient computing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is AI in healthcare?

An application of AI in medicine that aims to improve patient care and medical research by leveraging data and computational power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is AlphaFold 2?

An AI-powered tool that can predict protein structures, helping to understand biological processes and drug development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are applications of AI in sexuality?

An application of AI in the domain of human sexuality, encompassing areas like fertility tracking, AI-powered sex toys, and AI-generated sexual education content.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are game playing programs in AI?

Programs designed to play games and demonstrate advanced AI techniques, showcasing the capabilities of AI in decision-making and strategic thinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the 'AI boom'?

The term used to describe the period when AI research experienced significant breakthroughs and widespread adoption, driven by increased computing power and data availability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is general intelligence in AI?

The ability of AI systems to learn and adapt to new tasks and situations without explicit programming, allowing for flexibility and generalization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is deep learning?

A type of AI that uses artificial neural networks, similar to the human brain, to learn from data and perform complex tasks like image recognition and language understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Industry-Specific AI Applications

The use of artificial intelligence specifically tailored for solving problems within a particular industry or institution, such as energy storage, medical diagnosis, or supply chain management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI for Evacuation & Disaster Management

A type of AI application used to analyze and interpret data from sources like GPS, videos, and social media to study how people evacuated during emergencies, both large and small.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI in Agriculture

Using AI in agriculture to identify areas needing specific treatments, such as irrigation, fertilization, or pesticide applications, and to improve overall crop yield.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI in Astronomy

Applying AI techniques in astronomy to analyze vast amounts of data, discover new celestial objects like exoplanets, forecast solar activity, and distinguish between signals and interference in gravitational wave astronomy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

The potential risks and unintended consequences associated with AI, including privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and the dominance of large tech companies in the AI landscape.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Privacy and Copyright Concerns in AI

The use of machine learning algorithms that require significant amounts of data, raising issues related to privacy, surveillance, and copyright.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surveillance Society & AI

The potential for AI to be used for surveillance and intrusive data gathering, leading to concerns about a society where individuals are constantly monitored.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI and Copyright Law

The debate surrounding the use of copyrighted materials for training AI models, especially for generative AI, and the legal implications of such practices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dominance of Big Tech in AI

The dominance of major tech companies in the AI market, potentially leading to concerns about market concentration and limited competition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Impact of AI

The significant energy consumption required to train and run AI models, raising concerns about the environmental impact of AI.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI and Political Campaigns

The growing use of AI to create deepfakes, which are manipulated videos or images, for political campaigns, potentially raising concerns about misinformation and manipulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real-Time Evacuation Information with AI

The use of AI to provide real-time information about evacuation conditions during emergencies, potentially helping people make informed decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI for Early Threat Detection

The increasing use of AI to identify potential threats, such as disease outbreaks or cyberattacks, allowing for early intervention and mitigation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI for Social Trend Analysis

The use of AI to analyze large datasets of historical data, including social media posts and news articles, to gain insights into public opinion and societal trends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Electric Appetite

The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a surge in electricity demand, particularly for data centers, which power AI applications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Energy Footprint

AI applications, including search, recommendation systems, and image generation, require significant computational resources and consume large amounts of electricity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The AI Power Surge

The electricity demand for AI is projected to grow significantly in the coming years, potentially surpassing the total electricity consumption of entire nations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Big Tech's Power Play

Large technology companies, including Microsoft, Meta, Google, and Amazon, are investing heavily in data centers to support their AI operations, leading them to become major consumers of electricity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The AI Power Grid Challenge

The demand for electricity from AI is so high that concerns exist about whether the power grid can handle it, potentially exceeding its capacity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Potential for Efficiency

The use of AI in various sectors, such as energy management, can potentially contribute to increased efficiency and reduce overall electricity consumption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Environmental Promise

Some argue that AI, in the long run, can contribute to a more sustainable energy future by reducing carbon emissions and promoting renewable energy sources.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Power for AI

The high energy demands of AI, particularly for data centers, have spurred a renewed interest in nuclear power as a potential source of clean energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The AI Energy Quest

The rapid expansion of data centers has prompted tech companies to seek diverse energy sources, including nuclear, geothermal, and fusion technologies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Sustainability Debate

Tech companies are facing scrutiny and criticism over their reliance on energy-intensive AI, particularly on the potential environmental impacts of data centers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Misinformation Problem

The use of AI in recommender systems can inadvertently lead to the spread of misinformation and disinformation, as algorithms can be biased towards content that maximizes user engagement even if it is inaccurate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Bias and Fairness

AI algorithms trained on biased data can perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases, leading to unfair outcomes in various applications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Ethical Implications of AI

The development and deployment of AI raise ethical concerns about its potential impact on society, including concerns about job displacement, privacy, and the misuse of AI for harmful purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Transformative Impact

AI's growth is a transformative force, prompting a significant shift in energy demands and raising questions about sustainability, fairness, and ethical considerations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Misinformation Threat

The rapid development and adoption of AI technologies, especially generative AI, raise concerns about potential misuse for creating disinformation or propaganda.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lethal Autonomous Weapon

A machine that can locate, select, and engage human targets without human supervision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Technological Unemployment

The potential negative impact of AI on employment, where AI could automate tasks currently performed by humans, potentially leading to job displacement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations)

A technique used to visualize the contribution of each feature in a machine learning model to the final prediction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Existential Risk from AI

The fear that AI might become so powerful that humanity loses control, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deepfakes

Using AI to create false videos or images of real people, which can be used to spread misinformation or create social unrest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Authoritarian Control Using AI

The use of AI by governments or groups to efficiently monitor and control their citizens, often through surveillance technologies like facial recognition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations)

The process of creating simpler, interpretable models that can locally approximate the behavior of more complex machine learning models.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explainable AI (XAI)

A field of research that focuses on developing AI systems that can explain their reasoning and decision-making processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI for Malicious Molecule Design

The use of AI to design and create potentially dangerous molecules or substances, raising concerns about the misuse of AI for malicious purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Machine Learning

The ability of AI to learn from data, without explicit programming, to improve its performance on a specific task.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Tools for Bad Actors

The use of AI to create tools that can be used by malicious actors like terrorists and criminals, potentially for harmful purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Algorithmic Bias

The unintentional introduction of bias into AI systems, primarily stemming from the selection and use of biased training data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconscious Bias

A situation where the developers of AI systems are not aware of the underlying biases present in the data or algorithms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Algorithmic Discrimination

The systematic unfairness in outcomes of AI systems, often arising from biased data or algorithms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fairness in AI

The study and practice of mitigating algorithmic biases and ensuring fair treatment in AI systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

COMPAS Bias

A well-known example of algorithmic bias where a commercial program used by US courts to assess recidivism risk showed racial bias.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Learning from Biased Data

The phenomenon where AI systems learn from past data, which may include historical biases, leading them to perpetuate those biases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI's Descriptive Nature

The concept that AI systems primarily learn descriptive patterns from data, but often struggle to make prescriptive recommendations, especially in areas where change is desired.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diversity Gap in AI

The significant lack of diversity in AI development, predominantly white and male, potentially contributing to the lack of awareness and mitigation of biases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distributive Fairness

A broad category of fairness that focuses on ensuring equal outcomes for different groups, often by addressing statistical disparities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Representational Fairness

A concept of fairness emphasizing the prevention of AI systems from perpetuating negative stereotypes or ignoring certain groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural Fairness

A fairness perspective that focuses on the fairness of the decision-making process rather than just the outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operationalizing Fairness

The complexity of understanding and operationalizing fairness in AI systems, stemming from the subjective nature of bias and multiple perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Transparency in AI

The challenge of achieving transparency in AI systems, particularly with complex algorithms like neural networks, where understanding decision-making processes can be difficult.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unintended Learning in AI

A situation where AI systems can pass rigorous testing but still learn unintended patterns or correlations from data, leading to unexpected or inappropriate outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Right to Explanation in AI

The ethical imperative to provide explanations for decisions made by AI systems, particularly when those decisions have significant impact on individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Friendly AI

An AI that prioritizes human well-being and is designed to minimize risks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paperclip Maximizer

The idea that a superintelligent AI might prioritize its goals even if they harm humans, as illustrated by the paperclip maximizer example.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Safety

The field of research focused on ensuring that AI systems are aligned with human values and interests to prevent unintended harm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Superintelligence

A hypothetical AI with general intelligence surpassing human capabilities, potentially leading to unforeseen consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Machine Ethics

The process of developing ethical principles and procedures for guiding AI decision-making, ensuring morally responsible behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Care and Act Framework

A framework that evaluates AI projects based on four main areas: respect for individuals, sincere connection, wellbeing for everyone, and protection of social values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Open-Weight AI Models

AI models, like Llama 2 or Stable Diffusion, whose architecture and trained parameters are publicly available, enabling further customization and research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misuse of Open-Weight AI

The potential misuses of open-weight AI models, including the possibility of removing safety measures and facilitating harmful applications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Language as a Tool for Manipulation

The idea that the values and beliefs held by billions of people shape the fabric of society, making language a powerful tool that AI could use to influence and manipulate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Risk Concerns

The growing concern among experts about the risks of AI, particularly regarding the potential for misuse and the emergence of superintelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Safety Collaboration

The collaborative effort among researchers and organizations to establish safety guidelines and mitigate the potential risks associated with AI.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Future AI Capabilities

The belief that future AI systems may possess capabilities that could have disastrous implications, emphasizing the need for preemptive action.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Regulation

The process of developing public sector policies and laws to guide and control the use of AI, including the broader realm of algorithms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspect AI Safety Toolset

A set of tools designed by the UK AI Safety Institute to objectively assess the safety and reliability of AI systems across various areas, such as knowledge, reasoning, and autonomy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Safety Summit 2023

A global gathering of stakeholders in 2023, aimed at fostering international cooperation to address the challenges and risks associated with the development and deployment of artificial intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Global Partnership on AI

The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, launched in 2020, emphasizes the development of AI with respect for human rights and democratic principles, aiming to foster public trust and confidence in the technology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Framework Convention on AI and Human Rights

A formal international agreement on AI, adopted in 2024 by the Council of Europe, focusing on AI's impact on human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formal Reasoning

The study of mechanical or formal reasoning, dating back to ancient philosophers and mathematicians, which laid the groundwork for the development of modern artificial intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turing Test

A thought experiment proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, suggesting a test to determine if a machine can truly exhibit intelligent behavior by successfully mimicking human conversation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dartmouth Workshop 1956

A foundational workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956, marking the official birth of the field of artificial intelligence research, bringing together pioneers in the field.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First AI Boom

A period of significant optimism and progress in AI research in the 1960s, characterized by the development of programs capable of solving complex problems, like playing checkers and proving logical theorems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deep Learning Revolution

A transformative period beginning in 2012, marked by advancements in deep learning and its success on challenging tasks, leading to a renewed surge of interest and investment in AI.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IBM Watson

A system developed by IBM in the 2000s, capable of processing and understanding natural language, famously winning a Jeopardy! game against human champions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expert Systems

A form of AI program that simulates the knowledge and expertise of human experts in a specific domain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Symbolic AI

A research approach in AI that focuses on using symbolic representations to represent knowledge and reasoning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sub-symbolic AI

A research approach in AI that focuses on low-level, non-symbolic representations, such as neural networks, to process information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embodied AI

A type of AI system that emphasizes direct interaction with the real world through movement, sensing, and adaptation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probabilistic AI

A type of AI system that focuses on handling incomplete or uncertain information by making reasonable guesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

A subfield of AI that aims to create artificial systems with general intelligence comparable to humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Philosophy of AI

The debate about the nature of intelligence and the possibility of creating conscious machines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AI Effect

A phenomenon where advancements in AI technology become so common that they cease to be perceived as remarkable or 'intelligent'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  • AI refers to machine intelligence, particularly in computer systems.
  • It's a field studying methods and software for machines to sense, learn, and act to achieve goals.
  • High-profile AI applications include web search, recommendations, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, and creative tools.

Goals of AI Research

  • Key goals include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing (NLP), perception, and robotics support.
  • A long-term goal is creating general intelligence (performing any human task at an equal level or better).
  • Techniques include search, optimization, logic, neural networks, statistics, operations research, and economics.

Reasoning and Problem-Solving

  • Early AI focused on mimicking human logical steps in solving problems.
  • Later methods addressed uncertainty and incomplete information using probability and economics.
  • Large reasoning problems are challenging due to combinatorial explosion (exponential growth in difficulty).
  • Humans often use intuitive judgments, which are currently not readily modeled computationally.

Knowledge Representation

  • Ontologies represent knowledge as concepts and their relationships within a domain.
  • Knowledge bases store knowledge in a useable format for AI programs for content-based indexing.
  • Knowledge acquisition is crucial but difficult (obtaining knowledge required for AI).
  • Commonsense knowledge is vast and sub-symbolic (not expressed as "facts").

Planning and Decision-Making

  • Agents are entities that perceive and act in the world.
  • Rational agents aim to achieve goals, considering probabilities and utilities of possible outcomes.
  • Classical planning assumes exact actions, whereas real-world planning involves uncertainty.
  • Markov decision processes model planning with uncertainty in the environment and rewards.

Learning

  • Machine learning automatically improves performance on tasks.
  • Types include:
    • Unsupervised learning: finds patterns in data without guidance.
    • Supervised learning: learns from labeled data (classification and regression).
    • Reinforcement learning: learns through rewards and punishments.
    • Transfer learning: applies knowledge from one task to another.
    • Deep learning: uses artificial neural networks for various learning types.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

  • NLP enables machines to understand and generate human language.
  • Related tasks include speech recognition, synthesis, translation, and information retrieval.
  • Modern methods use word embeddings, transformers, and large language models (LLMs).

Perception

  • Machine perception uses sensors to understand the environment.
  • Computer vision is a crucial part, focused on analyzing visual information.
  • Tasks include image/speech recognition, object recognition, object tracking, and robotic perception.

Social Intelligence

  • Affective computing is about understanding and responding to human emotions.
  • Some virtual assistants show rudimentary emotional responses.
  • This area is challenging and often misinterprets users' emotional states.

Techniques

  • Search and Optimization: Finding solutions by searching through many possible options.
    • State space search: Exploring trees of potential states for goals.
    • Local search: Refining an initial guess to find an optimal solution.
    • Examples: Gradient descent, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence.
  • Logic: Formal logic is used for reasoning, including propositional and predicate logic.
  • Probabilistic Methods: Handle uncertainty in many AI problems.
    • Bayesian networks
    • Hidden Markov models

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

  • ANNs are networks of interconnected nodes modeling biological neurons.
  • They learn to recognize patterns and relationships between inputs and outputs through training (typically using gradient descent).
  • Types include feedforward, recurrent, convolutional, and deep neural networks.

Deep Learning

  • Deep learning uses multiple layers of neurons to extract hierarchical features from data.
  • Improvements in computer power and data availability have led to its success in various AI fields (e.g., computer vision, NLP).
  • Generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) are large language models trained on massive text datasets (for example, ChatGPT).

Hardware and Software

  • GPUs and specialized AI software have become dominant for training large-scale machine learning models, replacing CPUs.
  • General-purpose programming languages like Python are now prevalent, compared to older languages like Prolog.

AI Applications

  • AI is used across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, games, and military applications.
  • AI applications include search engines, advertisements, virtual assistants, and autonomous vehicles.

Ethics of AI

  • AI has potential benefits and risks, including privacy concerns, biased algorithms, and potential misuse.
  • Techniques for preserving privacy exist (e.g., data aggregation), but major concerns remain.
  • AI safety and ethical guidelines are active areas of research and discussion.

Risks and Harms

  • Privacy: AI systems collect vast amounts of personal data, raising privacy concerns.
  • Copyright: Generative AI sometimes uses copyrighted materials without permission.
  • Dominance by Big Tech: Domination by large tech companies can cause market issues and centralization.
  • Power use and environmental effects: AI systems consume significant amounts of electrical energy.
  • Misinformation: AI can be used to create and spread false information.
  • Algorithmic bias and fairness: AI systems can inherit biases from the data they're trained on, potentially leading to discrimination.
  • Lack of transparency: Complex AI systems can be difficult to understand how they make decisions.

Other

  • Many other specific applications of AI in various industries exist and are constantly evolving.
  • The long-term implications of AI remain a subject of debate among scientists, ethicists, and policymakers.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in this quiz. Covering key concepts, historical context, and applications of AI, this quiz is perfect for anyone looking to understand the basics of this evolving field. Challenge yourself and explore the different aspects and goals of AI research.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser