Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ARTI 106
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Questions and Answers

What capability is essential for a computer to communicate effectively with humans in the Turing Test?

  • Natural language processing (correct)
  • Knowledge representation
  • Automated reasoning
  • Machine learning

Which of the following capabilities allows a computer to adapt to new circumstances?

  • Cognitive modeling
  • Machine learning (correct)
  • Automated reasoning
  • Computer vision

What additional capabilities does the Total Turing Test introduce compared to the standard Turing Test?

  • Natural language processing and machine learning
  • Question answering and dialogue
  • Computer vision and robotics (correct)
  • Knowledge representation and automated reasoning

Which aspect is crucial for a machine to achieve human-like behavior according to cognitive modeling?

<p>Understanding human thought processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following is NOT a requirement to pass the Turing Test?

<p>Robotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in creating a computer model that mimics human thought?

<p>The brain's hardware is vastly different from a computer program (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does automated reasoning allow a computer to do in the context of the Turing Test?

<p>Retrieve and answer questions using stored information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To effectively store information, what capability must a computer possess?

<p>Knowledge representation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Artificial Intelligence?

<p>Automating intelligent behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT a component of Turing’s Test?

<p>A set of predefined questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a computer to be deemed intelligent in Turing's Test?

<p>It must pass the human-level performance on all cognitive tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following explicitly describes intelligent behavior?

<p>Achieving human-level performance in cognitive tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Turing Test measure?

<p>The ability to imitate human responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for a system to think rationally?

<p>Understanding user intent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'acting humanly' refer to in the context of artificial intelligence?

<p>Simulating human-like responses in interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to achieve AI?

<p>Regular software updates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major ethical concern associated with the use of AI?

<p>Privacy and bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI on the workforce?

<p>Significant job displacement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What security risk is associated with increasingly sophisticated AI systems?

<p>Vulnerability to cyber-attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk of biased decision making in AI?

<p>Decisions biased by race, gender, or other factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies are suggested to support individuals affected by job displacement due to AI?

<p>Developing strategies to support workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is accountability a challenge in AI systems?

<p>It's difficult to determine responsibility for AI actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of using data in AI systems?

<p>Data can reflect and perpetuate existing societal biases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important measure to develop in response to AI security risks?

<p>Robust security measures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary focuses of control theory in the context of AI?

<p>Designing systems that maximize an objective function over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with the birth of the term 'Artificial Intelligence'?

<p>The Dartmouth meeting in 1956 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the period from 1988 to 1993, what major trend occurred in the AI industry?

<p>A decline referred to as 'AI Winter' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What application of AI is associated with the technology used in driverless cars?

<p>Image recognition and processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which topic is NOT identified as a main area of focus within AI?

<p>Color theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the resurgence of AI known as 'AI Spring'?

<p>Increased interest in statistical approaches and uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which AI application is specifically designed for task automation in communication?

<p>Email filters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is an example of AI used for personal assistance?

<p>Apple Siri (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes systems that think rationally from those that think like humans?

<p>Rational systems rely solely on logic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a 'Rational Agent'?

<p>An agent that maximizes goal achievement using available information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback when using formal logic to represent knowledge?

<p>It is difficult to convert informal knowledge into formal terms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of syllogism relate to logical reasoning?

<p>It involves deriving conclusions from general premises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT directly related to the principles of rationality outlined in the content?

<p>Cooking Techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of systems that act rationally?

<p>To achieve goals based on logical decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of decision theory, what does it mean to decide under uncertainty?

<p>Using statistics to make informed choices despite unknowns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology is relevant to the study of rational systems?

<p>How people behave and process information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the ability to learn about, understand, and interact with one’s environment?

<p>Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Artificial Intelligence?

<p>The simulation of human intelligence in machines programmed to think and learn like humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with intelligent systems?

<p>Dependence on constant human monitoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of AI development?

<p>To automate tasks that usually require human intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a necessary capability for intelligent systems?

<p>Ability to understand user needs from limited instructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of intelligence?

<p>Self-awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one approach to AI that focuses on modeling human cognitive processes?

<p>Symbolic processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept relates to how intelligent systems evolve their performance over time?

<p>Feedback loops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Turing Test

The Turing Test is a method for determining if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. It involves a human interrogator interacting with both a human and a machine, trying to distinguish between them based on their responses.

What does the Turing Test measure?

The Turing Test evaluates a machine's ability to mimic human-like conversation, making it a test of intelligence.

How does a machine pass the Turing Test?

To pass the Turing Test, a machine must be able to respond to questions in a way that is indistinguishable from a human, making it seem intelligent.

Describe the setup of a Turing Test.

A human interrogator asks questions, a computer (the machine being tested) answers, and a human participant also answers. All communication occurs remotely, so the interrogator cannot see who they're talking to.

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Why is the Turing Test important?

The Turing Test is significant because it sets a benchmark for artificial intelligence, aiming for machines that can think and act like humans.

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What is the goal of the Turing Test?

The Turing Test measures a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior that is indistinguishable from a human.

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What is Intelligence?

The ability to learn, understand, and interact with the environment. It's about understanding, not being perfect.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

The field of study that aims to create machines that can think and learn like humans.

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Characteristics of Intelligence

The ability to communicate, be creative, learn from experience, understand the world, and pursue goals, among other characteristics.

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A Hierarchical Model of Intelligence

A model that depicts the different levels of intelligence, starting from raw data and progressing to wisdom, incorporating knowledge, information, experience, and context.

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What Intelligent Systems Should Do?

Systems that can autonomously perform tasks that typically require human experts, adapt to changes in their environment, and improve their skills through learning.

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What does AI involve?

The ability of machines to understand and process information like humans, including understanding speech, recognizing images, making decisions, and translating languages.

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Learning from Experience

The ability to learn from experience and improve performance over time. This characteristic is crucial for intelligent systems to adapt to new situations and solve complex problems.

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Flexibility in Dealing with Variability

The ability to deal with unpredictable situations and adapt to changes in the environment. This ensures the system can function effectively in a variety of settings.

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Natural Language Processing

The ability of a computer to process and understand natural human language, enabling it to communicate effectively.

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Knowledge Representation

The way a computer stores and organizes information, allowing it to access and retrieve data efficiently.

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Automated Reasoning

A computer's ability to use stored information to make logical deductions and answer questions.

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Machine Learning

The ability of a computer to learn from data and adapt its behavior based on new information.

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Total Turing Test

A more comprehensive version of the Turing Test that expands to require physical interactions, including the abilities to see and manipulate objects.

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Computer Vision

The ability of a computer to interpret and understand visual information from the real world.

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Robotics

The ability of a computer to control physical actions, such as moving objects or interacting with its environment.

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What is the Turing Test?

A method for determining if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. It involves a human interrogator interacting with both a human and a machine, trying to distinguish between them based on their responses.

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Rational Systems

A system that reasons and makes decisions based on logic and rules, aiming for objective and consistent outcomes. This approach emphasizes formal reasoning and knowledge representation.

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Laws of Thought Approach

A method of representing knowledge and drawing conclusions using logical statements and inferences. This approach is based on the idea that human reasoning can be formalized into a system of rules.

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Syllogism

A logical structure that uses a statement about a specific case and a general rule to reach a conclusion. Example: 'All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal.'

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Rational Agent

A system that acts in a way that maximizes its chances of achieving its goals, given the available information. This approach focuses on making the best decisions based on available data.

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Psychology/Cognitive Science in AI

The study of human behavior, including how people think, perceive, process information, and represent knowledge, can provide insights into how to design AI systems that are more human-like.

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Neuroscience in AI

The field of neuroscience investigates the brain and nervous system as information processing units. This research can help us better understand how the brain works and how to develop AI systems that mimic its capabilities.

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Mathematics in AI

The study of formal systems, algorithms, and computational processes. This field provides the fundamental tools and concepts for developing AI systems.

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Economics in AI

The field of economics studies decision-making in the presence of scarcity and uncertainty, offering insights into rational behavior and utility maximization. This knowledge is crucial for designing AI systems that make optimal choices in complex situations.

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What is a risk of AI bias?

The potential for AI systems to maintain existing biases and discrimination present in the data they are trained on.

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What are security risks associated with AI?

AI systems can be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which could be used to gain access to sensitive information or launch attacks.

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What is the risk of job displacement due to AI?

The potential for AI to automate many jobs, leading to significant job displacement.

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What are ethical concerns about AI development?

Ethical concerns surrounding AI include privacy, bias, and accountability. It can be challenging to determine who is responsible for AI's actions.

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Define Natural Language Processing (NLP)

The ability of a computer to process and understand natural human language, enabling it to communicate effectively.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

  • This topic introduces the fundamental concepts of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • The course is for Term 2, ARTI 106, Computer Track, 2024-2025.

Learning Outcomes

  • Define and give examples of basic AI concepts.
  • Identify the goals of AI
  • Identify approaches to AI.
  • Identify problems suitable for AI techniques.

Outline

  • What is AI?
  • Approaches to AI
  • A brief history of AI.
  • Applications of AI.
  • Main topics in AI
  • Challenges and Risks of AI

What is Intelligence?

  • The ability to learn about, learn from, understand, and interact with one's environment.
  • Understanding is key, but not avoiding mistakes.
  • Key Characteristics include: ability to communicate, creativity, ability to learn, knowledge of oneself and the world, goal-directed, and self-awareness

A Hierarchical Model of Intelligence

  • A model with a pyramid structure
  • Data is the base layer.
  • Context, experience, and vision lead to knowledge
  • and wisdom is the highest level.

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

  • AI refers to simulating human intelligence in machines
  • These machines are programmed to think and learn.
  • AI involves developing algorithms and computer programs to perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. This includes visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.

What Intelligent Systems Should Do

  • Perform tasks typically done by experts.
  • Be more autonomous with reduced need for intervention or monitoring.
  • Be flexible to accommodate environmental variability.
  • Be user-friendly and understand user intent from limited instructions.
  • Improve performance through learning from experience.

Test Your Knowledge (Questions and Answers)

  • Question 1: Identifying non-characteristics of intelligent systems. The correct answer is dependence on constant human monitoring
  • Question 2: What enables intelligent systems to be easier to use? Ability to understand user intent from limited instructions is the correct answer.

What Is Artificial Intelligence? (Alternative Definitions)

  • Reproduction of the methods and results of human reasoning.
  • A branch of Computer Science concerned with automating intelligent behavior.
  • The design of intelligence within artificial devices.
  • A field of computer science that simulates human performance to enable computers to reason like humans.

Four Main Approaches to Artificial Intelligence

  • Thinking Humanly (cognitive modeling)
  • Thinking Rationally (laws of thought)
  • Acting Humanly (Turing Test)
  • Acting Rationally (rational agent)

How to Achieve AI?

  • A table defining four categories:
    • Thought (human-like thinking, rational thinking)
    • Behaviour (human-like action, rational action).

Acting Humanly (Turing Test)

  • A test to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior similar to humans.
  • The test involves a human evaluator interacting with both a human and a machine.
  • If the evaluator cannot reliably distinguish between the responses of the human and the machine, the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test.

Turing Test Example

  • The method involves a human questioner, a computer, and another human answering questions.
  • The goal is for the human questioner to not be able to tell whether they are interacting with a human or a machine.

Systems that act like humans

  • Human questioners can test machine's ability, through a teletype system, to pass the Turing test.
  • The computer must exhibit human-level cognitive task performance
  • Key capabilities for passing include natural language processing, knowledge representation, automatic reasoning, and machine learning.
  • The Turing Test excludes physical interaction
  • Requirements for objects include computer vision and robotics.

Test Your Knowledge (Turing Test)

  • Question 1: Correct answer involves a scenario where the human cannot tell if they are interacting with a human or a machine through remote communication.

Systems that Think Rationally

  • Rationality: making optimal decisions in situations based on available information.
  • Focus is on logical rules and formal representation, not necessarily mimicking human thought.
  • Syllogism: a form of deductive reasoning used to determine deductions from facts/definitions, such as the Socrates example.

Rational Agent

  • An agent that acts to achieve the best or expected outcome when confronted with uncertainty or several factors.
  • Rational behavior entails making accurate decisions and executing the optimal actions.

Relations to Other Fields

  • Draws on philosophy (logic, methods of reasoning), mathematics (formal representation, algorithms), economics (decision theory), neuroscience (information processing units), psychology (human behaviour and cognitive processes).
  • Relevant areas include computer engineering (building fast computers) control theory (systems optimization), and linguistics (grammar and representation of knowledge).

A (Short) History of AI

  • Covers various eras, including early days (1940s-1950s), excitement of early programs (1950s-1970s), knowledge-based approaches (1970s-1990s), resurgence of statistical approaches (1990s-2012).
  • Recent years have seen renewed interest in neural networks and big data.

Applications of AI

  • AI powers numerous applications such as language translation, news aggregation, speech and song recognition, image and face recognition, question answering, 3D scene construction from images, driverless cars, chatbots, and augmented reality.

State of AI Systems in Practice

  • AI is now used in email communications, social media, web searching, and stores/services.

The main topics in AI

  • Covers core areas like knowledge representation, reasoning, search, problem solving, learning, pattern recognition, planning, and interacting with the environment (e.g., vision, speech recognition, robotics)
  • Includes expert systems, a significant area.

Challenges and Risks of AI

  • Ethical concerns such as privacy, bias (in algorithms/data), and accountability.
  • Job displacement due to automation.
  • Security risks of sophisticated systems becoming vulnerable to cyber-attacks.
  • Biased decisions made in applications such as loan decisions or parole decisions.

Questions

  • Various questions related to defining intelligence, approaches to AI, Turing Test design, relationship between AI and natural intelligence. AI’s projected 5 and 10-year capabilities.

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Week 2: Artificial Intelligence Introduction - PDF

Description

This quiz will cover the fundamental concepts of Artificial Intelligence as part of the ARTI 106 course for Term 2 of the Computer Track, 2024-2025. You will explore different approaches, applications, and the historical development of AI, along with its challenges and risks.

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