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Questions and Answers
What is the goal of architectural history?
What is the goal of architectural history?
To trace the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles.
What is a menhir?
What is a menhir?
A single, large upright monolith.
What is a dolmen?
What is a dolmen?
A tomb of standing stone usually capped with a large horizontal slab.
What is a cromlech?
What is a cromlech?
What is a tumulus?
What is a tumulus?
What is the most imposing megalithic structure?
What is the most imposing megalithic structure?
What was the ancient Egyptian society like?
What was the ancient Egyptian society like?
What did the ancient Egyptians believe in?
What did the ancient Egyptians believe in?
What was the most important influence on Egyptian architecture?
What was the most important influence on Egyptian architecture?
The particular ______ , characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time
The particular ______ , characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time
What are the 6 most important elements that affect the styles of architecture?
What are the 6 most important elements that affect the styles of architecture?
The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, spanned from ___ to ___ BC?
The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, spanned from ___ to ___ BC?
Megalithic construction refers to the use of small stones.
Megalithic construction refers to the use of small stones.
The construction system used in pre-historic architecture is referred to as ______
The construction system used in pre-historic architecture is referred to as ______
Match the following ancient architectural examples with their descriptions.
Match the following ancient architectural examples with their descriptions.
What type of capital is often found in Egyptian architecture?
What type of capital is often found in Egyptian architecture?
Egyptian architecture is known for its modest and temporary structures.
Egyptian architecture is known for its modest and temporary structures.
The step pyramid of Zoser is considered the first true pyramid.
The step pyramid of Zoser is considered the first true pyramid.
What is the main purpose of a mastaba?
What is the main purpose of a mastaba?
What is the best-known example of a rock-cut tomb?
What is the best-known example of a rock-cut tomb?
Pylons in Egyptian architecture are characterized by their small size and understated design.
Pylons in Egyptian architecture are characterized by their small size and understated design.
What is the primary purpose of an obelisk?
What is the primary purpose of an obelisk?
Egyptian temples were dedicated to the honor of ______ or gods.
Egyptian temples were dedicated to the honor of ______ or gods.
The Great Temple of Ammon at Karnak, Thebes is considered the smallest Egyptian temple.
The Great Temple of Ammon at Karnak, Thebes is considered the smallest Egyptian temple.
The Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri is significant because it was constructed for an Egyptian queen instead of a pharaoh.
The Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri is significant because it was constructed for an Egyptian queen instead of a pharaoh.
What is the primary function of a ziggurat?
What is the primary function of a ziggurat?
Early Mesopotamian architecture relied heavily on the use of stone for construction.
Early Mesopotamian architecture relied heavily on the use of stone for construction.
The ______ was an influential period in Near East architecture, marked by monumental palaces and ziggurats.
The ______ was an influential period in Near East architecture, marked by monumental palaces and ziggurats.
The Persian and Median architectural style is characterized by its use of wood as the primary building material.
The Persian and Median architectural style is characterized by its use of wood as the primary building material.
The typical Persian dwelling, known as the ______, featured a central hearth and a columned entrance porch.
The typical Persian dwelling, known as the ______, featured a central hearth and a columned entrance porch.
The Propylaeum was an elaborate entranceway constructed by the Persians for their palaces.
The Propylaeum was an elaborate entranceway constructed by the Persians for their palaces.
What are the three main periods that make up the history of Greek architecture?
What are the three main periods that make up the history of Greek architecture?
Greek architecture primarily focused on secular structures, such as temples and theaters.
Greek architecture primarily focused on secular structures, such as temples and theaters.
The ______ order, one of the three primary orders of Greek architecture, features simple capitals and unfluted shafts.
The ______ order, one of the three primary orders of Greek architecture, features simple capitals and unfluted shafts.
Match the following Greek architectural orders with their defining features.
Match the following Greek architectural orders with their defining features.
The Erechtheion, located on the Acropolis of Athens, is known for its unique use of Caryatid figures in its design.
The Erechtheion, located on the Acropolis of Athens, is known for its unique use of Caryatid figures in its design.
Which of the following is NOT included in the typical design of a Greek temple?
Which of the following is NOT included in the typical design of a Greek temple?
The classical Greek orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian were typically combined in a single building.
The classical Greek orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian were typically combined in a single building.
What was the key design feature that Greek architects employed to correct optical illusions in their temples?
What was the key design feature that Greek architects employed to correct optical illusions in their temples?
The Hellenistic period in Greek architecture marked a shift towards a greater focus on secular structures.
The Hellenistic period in Greek architecture marked a shift towards a greater focus on secular structures.
Which of the following best describes the architectural character of the Hellenistic period?
Which of the following best describes the architectural character of the Hellenistic period?
Roman architecture borrowed heavily from the Etruscan architectural style.
Roman architecture borrowed heavily from the Etruscan architectural style.
What were the primary building materials used in Roman architecture?
What were the primary building materials used in Roman architecture?
The Tuscan order is a simplified version of the Corinthian order.
The Tuscan order is a simplified version of the Corinthian order.
The use of arches and vaults, combined with columns and beams, is an example of the ______ construction system employed in Roman architecture.
The use of arches and vaults, combined with columns and beams, is an example of the ______ construction system employed in Roman architecture.
The Pantheon is a rectangular temple dedicated to all gods.
The Pantheon is a rectangular temple dedicated to all gods.
What is the primary purpose of a forum in Roman architecture?
What is the primary purpose of a forum in Roman architecture?
Roman theaters were primarily designed for the performance of musical concerts and dramatic plays.
Roman theaters were primarily designed for the performance of musical concerts and dramatic plays.
The ______ was a large, open structure often used for athletic competitions and chariot races.
The ______ was a large, open structure often used for athletic competitions and chariot races.
Match the following Roman architectural types with their primary purposes:
Match the following Roman architectural types with their primary purposes:
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Study Notes
Module 3: Architectural History
- Covers architectural history from pre-historic to modern times
- Focuses on various architectural styles and their characteristics
- Examines influences on architectural styles, including historical periods, society, religion, geography, and climate
- Discusses different types of buildings and monuments, including mastabas, pyramids, ziggurats, obelisks, pylons, temples, dwellings, and fortresses
- Includes examples of prominent architectural structures and their geographical locations, such as Stonehenge, England and the Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara
Architectural History (Page 1 and 2):
- Introduction to Architectural Definitions
- Architecture is a record of man's effort to build beautifully, tracing the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles through different times.
- Historical styles reflect the particular characteristics and design methods of a specific period.
- Factors Affecting Architectural Styles
- History, society, religion, geography, and climate significantly impact architectural styles.
Pre-Historic Architecture (Page 2):
- The Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 BC) influenced the construction style using Megalithic construction methods.
- Includes examples of burial rituals and monuments.
- Early architectural characteristics involved large stones and earthworks.
Egyptian Architecture (Page 3):
- History (3200 BC to 1 AD):
- Characterized by centralized authority and the Pharaoh's position as a god-king.
- Knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and music influenced the style.
- Religion:
- Belief in afterlife and elaborate burial rituals prompted the construction of grand tombs.
- A vast array of gods represented facets of nature.
- Geography and Geology:
- The Nile River was essential for both travel and trade.
- Climate:
- The region's climate influenced the style during both warm and cool seasons.
- Examples:
- Mastabas, Pyramids (Bent, Cheops, Chephren, and Mykerinos) - important structures with unique features and uses.
Near East Architecture (Page 4):
- History (5000 BC to 641 AD):
- Mesopotamian, Chaldean, Assyrian and Persian periods, each with unique characteristics.
- Geography and Geology:
- Desert, grassland, steppes, and river plains contributed to the use of available materials like clay and soil.
- Examples:
- Ziggurats, "artificial mountains" with temples at their summits.
- Early Mesopotamian Architecture (Page 6)
- characterized by non stone building techniques, like arches, vaults and use of clay and soil
Greek Architecture (Page 7):
- History (3000 BC to 1100 BC and 650 BC to 323 BC and 323 BC to 30 BC): Various historical periods influenced the different architectural characteristics and styles.
- Influences: religion, geography, and culture
Roman Architecture (Page 13):
- History (750 BC to 365 AD): Various periods, including Etruscan and Roman periods.
- Geological features: Italian peninsula and abundant materials like marble, stone, tufa, and concrete.
- Examples: rectangular temples, circular temples, and other structures.
Early Christian Architecture (Page 16):
- History: (313 AD to 800 AD)
- Notable characteristics
- Influences were from prior architectural styles and traditions.
Byzantine Architecture (Page 17):
- History: (330 AD to 1453 AD)
- Geometry and construction influenced style
- Notable characteristics such as dome construction
Romanesque Architecture (Page 18):
- History: (900 AD to 1200 AD)
- Notable characteristics
- Influenced by classical traditions.
Gothic Architecture (Page 20):
- History: (1200 AD to 1600 AD)
- notable architectural practices and styles
- Includes examples like Cathedrals, Castles, and Domestic buildings.
Renaissance Architecture (Page 27):
- Italy led the way
- Notable characteristics
- Different styles and examples
Baroque Architecture (Page 28):
- Notable characteristics
- Influenced by the Renaissance
1800's and 1900's Revival Architecture:
- Influences from prior styles
Modern Architecture (Page 41):
- Key Influences of the Modern Era (e.g., steel and technological innovation)
- Notable characteristics of the modern architecture era
- Examples and Famous Architects of the Modern Era.
Islamic Architecture (Page 44):
- History: The year of Hegira
- Religious influences: including beliefs surrounding Allah and Mohammed, philosophies of life.
- Notable characteristics, including open courts, designs emphasizing function and aesthetics.
Chinese Architecture (Page 47):
- History of Chinese Dynasties and Emperors
- Geography and Geology of China
- Influences of religions
Japanese Architecture (Page 48):
- Religious and cultural influences
- Geography and Geology of Japan
- Architectural Characterization
Indian Architecture (Page 49):
- Historical periods
- Religious and Cultural influences specific to India
Filipino Architecture (Page 50)
- History
- Historical periods and significant historical events
- Colonial architectural styles
- Examples of buildings from different periods and styles.
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