Introduction to Architectural History
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Questions and Answers

What is the goal of architectural history?

To trace the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles.

What is a menhir?

A single, large upright monolith.

What is a dolmen?

A tomb of standing stone usually capped with a large horizontal slab.

What is a cromlech?

<p>An enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in a circular form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tumulus?

<p>A dominant tomb type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most imposing megalithic structure?

<p>Stonehenge, England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ancient Egyptian society like?

<p>Centralized omnipotent authority with the pharaoh seen as a god.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the ancient Egyptians believe in?

<p>The cult of many gods representing nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most important influence on Egyptian architecture?

<p>The Nile River</p> Signup and view all the answers

The particular ______ , characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time

<p>method</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 most important elements that affect the styles of architecture?

<p>History, Society, Religion, Geography, Geology, and Climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, spanned from ___ to ___ BC?

<p>8000 to 3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Megalithic construction refers to the use of small stones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The construction system used in pre-historic architecture is referred to as ______

<p>Columnar and trabeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ancient architectural examples with their descriptions.

<p>Menhir = Single, large upright monolith, sometimes in parallel rows reaching several miles Dolmen = Tomb of standing stone usually capped with a large horizontal slab Cromlech = Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form Tumulus (Passage Grave) = Dominant tomb type Primitive Dwellings = Natural and artificial caves, beehive hut, trullo, wigwam or tepee, hogan, igloo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of capital is often found in Egyptian architecture?

<p>Lotus, papyrus, and palm capitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Egyptian architecture is known for its modest and temporary structures.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The step pyramid of Zoser is considered the first true pyramid.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a mastaba?

<p>A funerary mound covering a burial chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best-known example of a rock-cut tomb?

<p>The Tombs of the Kings in Thebes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pylons in Egyptian architecture are characterized by their small size and understated design.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an obelisk?

<p>To symbolize the sun-god Heliopolis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Egyptian temples were dedicated to the honor of ______ or gods.

<p>pharaohs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Temple of Ammon at Karnak, Thebes is considered the smallest Egyptian temple.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri is significant because it was constructed for an Egyptian queen instead of a pharaoh.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a ziggurat?

<p>A terraced platform with a temple at its summit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early Mesopotamian architecture relied heavily on the use of stone for construction.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was an influential period in Near East architecture, marked by monumental palaces and ziggurats.

<p>Assyrian</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Persian and Median architectural style is characterized by its use of wood as the primary building material.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The typical Persian dwelling, known as the ______, featured a central hearth and a columned entrance porch.

<p>megaron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Propylaeum was an elaborate entranceway constructed by the Persians for their palaces.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main periods that make up the history of Greek architecture?

<p>Aegean, Hellenic and Hellenistic periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Greek architecture primarily focused on secular structures, such as temples and theaters.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ order, one of the three primary orders of Greek architecture, features simple capitals and unfluted shafts.

<p>Doric</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Greek architectural orders with their defining features.

<p>Doric = Simple capitals with a plain abacus and echinus, unfluted shaft, no base. Ionic = Scrolls or volutes on the capital, fluting on the shaft, a base. Corinthian = Elaborate capitals adorned with acanthus leaves and scrolls, fluting on the shaft, a base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Erechtheion, located on the Acropolis of Athens, is known for its unique use of Caryatid figures in its design.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the typical design of a Greek temple?

<p>Pylons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classical Greek orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian were typically combined in a single building.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key design feature that Greek architects employed to correct optical illusions in their temples?

<p>Refinements based on subtle curves and angles in columns, walls, and the stylobate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hellenistic period in Greek architecture marked a shift towards a greater focus on secular structures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the architectural character of the Hellenistic period?

<p>Dignified and gracious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roman architecture borrowed heavily from the Etruscan architectural style.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary building materials used in Roman architecture?

<p>Marble, mostly white, and concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tuscan order is a simplified version of the Corinthian order.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of arches and vaults, combined with columns and beams, is an example of the ______ construction system employed in Roman architecture.

<p>amalgamation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pantheon is a rectangular temple dedicated to all gods.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a forum in Roman architecture?

<p>A public gathering space for social and political activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roman theaters were primarily designed for the performance of musical concerts and dramatic plays.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was a large, open structure often used for athletic competitions and chariot races.

<p>hippodrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Roman architectural types with their primary purposes:

<p>Basilicas = Commercial exchange or hall of justice Thermae = Palatial baths with diverse amenities Amphitheaters = Elliptical structures used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles Circus = Arena for chariot races and other public entertainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 3: Architectural History

  • Covers architectural history from pre-historic to modern times
  • Focuses on various architectural styles and their characteristics
  • Examines influences on architectural styles, including historical periods, society, religion, geography, and climate
  • Discusses different types of buildings and monuments, including mastabas, pyramids, ziggurats, obelisks, pylons, temples, dwellings, and fortresses
  • Includes examples of prominent architectural structures and their geographical locations, such as Stonehenge, England and the Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara

Architectural History (Page 1 and 2):

  • Introduction to Architectural Definitions
    • Architecture is a record of man's effort to build beautifully, tracing the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles through different times.
    • Historical styles reflect the particular characteristics and design methods of a specific period.
  • Factors Affecting Architectural Styles
    • History, society, religion, geography, and climate significantly impact architectural styles.

Pre-Historic Architecture (Page 2):

  • The Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 BC) influenced the construction style using Megalithic construction methods.
  • Includes examples of burial rituals and monuments.
  • Early architectural characteristics involved large stones and earthworks.

Egyptian Architecture (Page 3):

  • History (3200 BC to 1 AD):
    • Characterized by centralized authority and the Pharaoh's position as a god-king.
    • Knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and music influenced the style.
  • Religion:
    • Belief in afterlife and elaborate burial rituals prompted the construction of grand tombs.
    • A vast array of gods represented facets of nature.
  • Geography and Geology:
    • The Nile River was essential for both travel and trade.
  • Climate:
    • The region's climate influenced the style during both warm and cool seasons.
  • Examples:
    • Mastabas, Pyramids (Bent, Cheops, Chephren, and Mykerinos) - important structures with unique features and uses.

Near East Architecture (Page 4):

  • History (5000 BC to 641 AD):
    • Mesopotamian, Chaldean, Assyrian and Persian periods, each with unique characteristics.
  • Geography and Geology:
    • Desert, grassland, steppes, and river plains contributed to the use of available materials like clay and soil.
  • Examples:
    • Ziggurats, "artificial mountains" with temples at their summits.
  • Early Mesopotamian Architecture (Page 6)
    • characterized by non stone building techniques, like arches, vaults and use of clay and soil

Greek Architecture (Page 7):

  • History (3000 BC to 1100 BC and 650 BC to 323 BC and 323 BC to 30 BC): Various historical periods influenced the different architectural characteristics and styles.
  • Influences: religion, geography, and culture

Roman Architecture (Page 13):

  • History (750 BC to 365 AD): Various periods, including Etruscan and Roman periods.
  • Geological features: Italian peninsula and abundant materials like marble, stone, tufa, and concrete.
  • Examples: rectangular temples, circular temples, and other structures.

Early Christian Architecture (Page 16):

  • History: (313 AD to 800 AD)
  • Notable characteristics
  • Influences were from prior architectural styles and traditions.

Byzantine Architecture (Page 17):

  • History: (330 AD to 1453 AD)
  • Geometry and construction influenced style
  • Notable characteristics such as dome construction

Romanesque Architecture (Page 18):

  • History: (900 AD to 1200 AD)
  • Notable characteristics
  • Influenced by classical traditions.

Gothic Architecture (Page 20):

  • History: (1200 AD to 1600 AD)
  • notable architectural practices and styles
  • Includes examples like Cathedrals, Castles, and Domestic buildings.

Renaissance Architecture (Page 27):

  • Italy led the way
  • Notable characteristics
  • Different styles and examples

Baroque Architecture (Page 28):

  • Notable characteristics
  • Influenced by the Renaissance

1800's and 1900's Revival Architecture:

  • Influences from prior styles

Modern Architecture (Page 41):

  • Key Influences of the Modern Era (e.g., steel and technological innovation)
  • Notable characteristics of the modern architecture era
  • Examples and Famous Architects of the Modern Era.

Islamic Architecture (Page 44):

  • History: The year of Hegira
  • Religious influences: including beliefs surrounding Allah and Mohammed, philosophies of life.
  • Notable characteristics, including open courts, designs emphasizing function and aesthetics.

Chinese Architecture (Page 47):

  • History of Chinese Dynasties and Emperors
  • Geography and Geology of China
  • Influences of religions

Japanese Architecture (Page 48):

  • Religious and cultural influences
  • Geography and Geology of Japan
  • Architectural Characterization

Indian Architecture (Page 49):

  • Historical periods
  • Religious and Cultural influences specific to India

Filipino Architecture (Page 50)

  • History
  • Historical periods and significant historical events
  • Colonial architectural styles
  • Examples of buildings from different periods and styles.

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Module - Architectural History PDF

Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in architectural history, including definitions of megalithic structures such as menhirs, dolmens, and tumuli. Additionally, it explores the characteristics of ancient Egyptian society and its architectural influences. Test your knowledge of these important historical elements.

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