Introduction to Anthropology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best characterizes ethnology's methodological approach to understanding culture?

Linguistic analysis of spoken languages to understand the cognitive structures underlying cultural expression.
Comparative analysis of cultural phenomena across multiple societies using data collected by various researchers. (correct)
In-depth fieldwork focusing on a single community's cultural practices to create a holistic description.
The use of archaeological evidence to reconstruct past cultural systems and their evolution over time.

Participant observation, while valuable in ethnographic research, is considered an objective method, free from researcher bias.

False (B)

Define xenocentrism and differentiate it from ethnocentrism, providing an example illustrating the potential societal impacts of widespread xenocentric beliefs.

Xenocentrism is the belief that another culture is superior to one's own, in contrast to ethnocentrism, which views one's own culture as central and superior. An example would be a society undervaluing its own traditions and innovations in favor of adopting foreign practices, potentially leading to a loss of cultural identity and economic dependence.

The concept of __________ refers to the act of adopting elements of another culture without understanding or respecting their original significance, often resulting in the removal of origins and disproportionate benefit to the appropriating party, as highlighted by Ellen Rock's critique.

cultural appropriation Signup and view all the answers

Match the anthropological concepts with their corresponding descriptions.

Holistic Approach = Examining the interconnectedness of global and local contexts, past and present influences, and diverse aspects of human life. Cultural Relativism = Understanding cultures on their own terms, considering their values and perspectives rather than imposing external standards. Ethnocentrism = The belief that one's own culture is superior, using it as a benchmark to judge other cultures. Cultural Appropriation = Adopting elements of another culture without understanding or respecting the original context and significance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical distinction between 'cultural appreciation' and 'cultural appropriation'?

Cultural appreciation seeks to understand and celebrate a culture with permission and respect, while cultural appropriation involves taking elements without understanding or permission. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Tylor's definition, 'culture' encompasses only the artistic and intellectual achievements of a society, excluding everyday customs and habits.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concepts of 'enculturation' and 'acculturation'. What are the key differences between these two processes, and how do they shape an individual's cultural identity?

Enculturation is the process by which an individual learns and adopts the culture of their birth or upbringing. Acculturation involves the modification of the culture of a group or individual as a result of contact with a different culture. Enculturation is the initial learning of one's own culture, while acculturation involves change due to external influence. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of indigenous cultures, the concept of __________ highlights the communal ownership of land, emphasizing that territories belong to everyone and everyone belongs to the land.

communal ownership Signup and view all the answers

Match each characteristic of culture with its correct illustrative example:

Culture is learned = A child learns the proper way to greet elders from their parents. Culture is shared = Members of a society follow common traffic laws. Culture is symbolic = A nation uses its flag to represent its values and identity. Culture is integrated = Changes in economic practices lead to alterations in family structures. Signup and view all the answers

How does the RA 8371, also known as the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997, aim to protect indigenous communities' rights?

By recognizing indigenous peoples' rights to ownership, development, and self-governance within their ancestral domains. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Subsistence economies are primarily focused on generating surplus for market exchange, ensuring profitability and economic growth for the community.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of 'customary laws' within indigenous communities, and explain how these laws intersect with, or potentially conflict with, national legal systems.

Customary laws are unwritten, tradition-based rules that govern social behavior, resource management, and conflict resolution within indigenous communities. Potential conflicts can arise when national legal systems fail to recognize or accommodate these customary practices, leading to disputes over land rights, governance, and cultural preservation. Signup and view all the answers

The practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group, known as __________, promotes genetic diversity and fosters alliances between different communities.

exogamy Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of marital practice with its corresponding definition:

Polygyny = The practice of a man having more than one wife. Polyandry = The practice of a woman having more than one husband. Endogamy = Marriage within a specific group or community. Exogamy = Marriage outside a specific group or community. Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural norms of descent (matrilinear vs. patrilinear) influence inheritance patterns and social roles within a community?

Matrilinear descent traces kinship through female lines, potentially granting women greater control over property and inheritance, whereas patrilinear descent traces kinship through male lines, emphasizing male authority. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In cases of mixed marriages involving indigenous and non-indigenous parents, the ethnicity of children is invariably determined by the father's lineage, reflecting a universal patrilineal bias.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of 'shamans' or 'diviners' in traditional communities. How do they mediate between the human and spiritual realms, and what types of services do they typically provide?

Shamans and diviners act as intermediaries between the human and spiritual worlds, communicating with spirits or gods to diagnose illnesses, foretell the future, ensure successful hunts, and maintain cosmic balance. Their services encompass healing, divination, ritual leadership, and spiritual guidance. Signup and view all the answers

The Dumagat people locate their ancestral domain within the __________ range, particularly in Central Luzon and Calabarzon regions.

Sierra Madre Signup and view all the answers

Match each Domaget term with its correct definition:

Kabolowen = The dominant language of the Domaget people living in plains and mountainous areas. Edimala = The language used by Domaget people who live in rocky areas or caves. Tagebulos = The language used by Domaget people living near shorelines or coastal areas. Subkal = Sacred prayer for Domaget Signup and view all the answers

Which ritual is performed by elders to protect children from evil and promote good health?

Dupdupit (A) Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Subanon' is derived from the Spanish word for 'river people,' reflecting their historical association with coastal communities.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the traditional marriage customs of the Subanen people, highlighting the roles of 'Gembay' and 'Gumbay' in the marriage arrangement process.

Subanen marriage customs involve a mutual consent of both parties with 'Gembay.' 'Gumbay' refers to the man desiring the marriage and asking for the woman's hand. Signup and view all the answers

The four core values of Subanen are Makatawo(pro-people), Maka-diyos(pro-god), Makakinabuhi(pro-life) and Maka-__________ (pro-nature).

kakinaiyahan Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Yakan terms related to kinship and marriage with their descriptions.

Pagkaat = Respect by serving for the father Tennun = Term used for creating the traditional woven cloth. Usba = Paternal relatives (father's side) Wari = Maternal relatives (mother's side) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the term for the traditional Yakan house?

Lumah (C) Signup and view all the answers

The Yakan community is organized into barangays, each of which is led by a mayor.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the 'Tongtong' of an Ibaloi community.

Tongtong is a council. Each Ibaloi village have one and it comprised of the baknang and the village's wise men, known as impanama or pangamaen. Signup and view all the answers

Among the Ibaloi people, there are two types of wealth called peshit and __________.

akon Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts of Ibaloi tribe with their corresponding meaning.

Kavuniyan or Kabunyan = Supreme being Owik = Ritual used by the Ibaloi people to butcher a pig Tayaw ni mabiday = Dance of the living performed by married surviving children in a post burial ceremony Bedian dance = Victory dance performed during rituals to honor a successful defense in territory Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the Hanunuo's emphasis on their identity?

Kami Hanunuo Mangyan (A) Signup and view all the answers

Mama refers to a type of clothing of Hanunuo

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the writing system of the Hanunuo people.

Surat mangyan- is written from bottom to top and left to right and is traditionally written in bamboo requiring knives. Signup and view all the answers

__________ tradition is a traditional poetry of the Hanunuo people which can be sung or written down.

Ambahan Signup and view all the answers

Match the given burial-related terms with their descriptions within Hanunuo culture.

Bara = Ceremony where the corpse is weighed. Linga-linga = Special bamboo coffin Pangutkutan = Traditional dance performed after the burial Sinakot = Process of shaping and clothing the remains Signup and view all the answers

Which economic activity helps the Sama Dilaut?

Producing and selling Baluy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Pagkawin refers to war among sama dilaut.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe "M'boh".

Ancestral Spirits, Spiritual Instruments,Elders and Offering Rituals. Signup and view all the answers

__________ is a spirit medium in Kalinga.

Wali Djin Signup and view all the answers

Match the rituals and processes of Kalinga with their definitions:

Hinang-hinangan = Ritual against sorcery Pagbayhu = Ritual for healing Pagputika'an = Ritual to determine auspicious days, forecast the future and find lost objects. Bodong = Peace pact system Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anthropology

The study of humanity

Cultural anthropology

Studies diversity of societies in time/space, examining commodities.